Phenotypic expression of DC maturation markers in response to different TLR agonists. (a) iDCs were matured with agonists for TLR3 (poly(I:C)), TLR4 (LPS), TLR5 (Fla) or TLR7/8 (Imi), or with a combination of two TLR agonists. Expression of CD83 and CD38 was analyzed by flow cytometry. CD83 and CD38 expression after stimulation with the combination of poly(I:C) and LPS was higher than that observed with the other agonists. A representative histogram indicating the expression of markers (shaded) compared to isotype controls (black line) is shown. (b) Data are shown as the increase in MFI over the isotype control±s.d. from five independent experiments (*P<0.05). DC, dendritic cell; Fla, flagellin; iDC, immature DCs; Imi, imidazoquinoline; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MFI, mean fluorescence intensity; TLR, Toll-like receptor.