Neutrophils that accumulated in the mouse lungs during LPS-induced lung injury showed migratory responses to CXCL12. Neutrophils were isolated from the bone marrow, blood, lung tissue and BAL fluid at 24 h during LPS-induced lung injury. Cell migration assays assessing the migration of neutrophils toward CXCL12 were performed in vitro using chemotaxis chambers. Splenocytes from untreated control mice were used as a positive control because splenocytes expressed high levels of surface CXCR4 (Figure 1e). Levels of neutrophil or splenocyte migration in the absence of CXCL12, the presence of CXCL12, or after pretreatment with a CXCR4 antagonist in the presence of CXCL12, are depicted by the white, black and gray bars, respectively. The data shown represent the percentage of migration. The results were obtained from five mice in each group. Values represent mean±s.e.m. *P<0.01 versus CXCL12 (−) control group and †P<0.01 versus CXCL12 (+) group using ANOVA with Scheffé's post hoc test. BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage.