Figure 1.

Schematic model of protein aggregation. Bioprocessing-associated stresses can trigger partial protein unfolding and initiate the aggregation process, beginning with the association of two or more protein molecules. Oligomers made from three or more monomers can form, leading to larger aggregates or ‘subvisible particles’. Linear aggregates form where proteins associate in a uniform manner (e.g. amyloid-type), whereas amorphous aggregates form by the association of proteins in a disordered manner. Visible particulates can then form, as pre-existing aggregates act as nuclei for formation of larger aggregates. Aggregate components are not drawn to scale.