Table 3.
Relative Risks for the Association between Epilepsy and Autism Symptoms/ Maladaptive Behaviors in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
| Unadjusted | Model 1: Adjusted for Age | Model 2: Adjusted for Age and Gender | Model 3: Adjusted for Age, Gender, and IQ | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||||||||
| RR | 95% CI | p value | RR | 95% CI | p value | RR | 95% CI | p value | RR | 95% CI | p value | |
| SRS | ||||||||||||
| Total | 1.09 | (1.04 – 1.14) | <.01* | 1.08 | (1.04 – 1.13) | <.01* | 1.08 | (1.03 – 1.13) | <.01* | 1.03 | (0.98 – 1.08) | 0.21 |
| Autistic Mannerisms | 1.12 | (1.06 – 1.19) | <.01* | 1.11 | (1.04 – 1.17) | <.01* | 1.11 | (1.04 – 1.17) | <.01* | 1.05 | (0.99 – 1.12) | 0.09 |
| Social Awareness | 1.06 | (1.02 – 1.12) | 0.01* | 1.07 | (1.02 – 1.12) | 0.01* | 1.07 | (1.02 – 1.12) | 0.01* | 1.02 | (0.98 – 1.07) | 0.34 |
| Social Cognition | 1.10 | (1.05 – 1.15) | <.01* | 1.09 | (1.04 – 1.15) | <.01* | 1.09 | (1.04 – 1.15) | <.01* | 1.03 | (0.99 – 1.07) | 0.19 |
| Social Communication | 1.09 | (1.04 – 1.15) | <.01* | 1.08 | (1.03 – 1.14) | <.01* | 1.08 | (1.03 – 1.14) | <.01* | 1.03 | (0.98 – 1.08) | 0.23 |
| Social Motivation | 1.07 | (1.00 – 1.14) | 0.04* | 1.05 | (0.99 – 1.12) | 0.12 | 1.05 | (0.99 – 1.12) | 0.12 | 1.01 | (0.94 – 1.07) | 0.86 |
| RBS-R | ||||||||||||
| Total | 1.15 | (1.04 – 1.27) | 0.01* | 1.16 | (1.05 – 1.28) | <.01* | 1.16 | (1.05 – 1.28) | <.01* | 1.08 | (0.97 – 1.19) | 0.17 |
| Stereotyped behavior | 1.12 | (0.99 – 1.27) | 0.07 | 1.16 | (1.03 – 1.31) | 0.02* | 1.16 | (1.03 – 1.31) | 0.01* | 0.97 | (0.86 – 1.09) | 0.60 |
| Self-injurious behavior | 1.37 | (1.12 – 1.68) | <.01* | 1.35 | (1.10 – 1.66) | <.01* | 1.34 | (1.10 – 1.65) | <.01* | 1.14 | (0.93 – 1.40) | 0.21 |
| Compulsive behavior | 1.26 | (1.08 – 1.46) | <.01* | 1.27 | (1.09 – 1.47) | <.01* | 1.26 | (1.09 – 1.46) | <.01* | 1.12 | (0.97 – 1.30) | 0.13 |
| Ritualistic behavior | 1.05 | (0.92 – 1.19) | 0.51 | 1.05 | (0.92 – 1.20) | 0.43 | 1.05 | (0.92 – 1.20) | 0.44 | 1.07 | (0.93 – 1.22) | 0.35 |
| Sameness behavior | 1.15 | (1.02 – 1.30) | 0.02* | 1.14 | (1.01 – 1.29) | 0.04* | 1.14 | (1.01 – 1.29) | 0.04* | 1.11 | (0.98– 1.26) | 0.10 |
| Restricted Behavior | 1.09 | (0.96 – 1.24) | 0.19 | 1.11 | (0.98 – 1.26) | 0.10 | 1.12 | (0.99 – 1.27) | 0.08 | 1.05 | (0.93 – 1.20) | 0.42 |
| ABC | ||||||||||||
| Total | 1.12 | (1.02 – 1.22) | 0.02* | 1.14 | (1.04 – 1.24) | 0.01* | 1.13 | (1.04 – 1.24) | 0.01* | 1.04 | (0.95 – 1.14) | 0.38 |
| Irritability | 1.11 | (0.98 – 1.26) | 0.10 | 1.14 | (1.01 – 1.29) | 0.04* | 1.13 | (1.00 – 1.28) | 0.05* | 1.07 | (0.94 – 1.21) | 0.32 |
| Lethargy | 1.06 | (0.94 – 1.20) | 0.33 | 1.03 | (0.92 – 1.17) | 0.59 | 1.03 | (0.91 – 1.16) | 0.66 | 0.95 | (0.84 – 1.07) | 0.38 |
| Stereotypy | 1.19 | (1.04 – 1.37) | 0.01* | 1.20 | (1.05 – 1.38) | 0.01* | 1.20 | (1.05 – 1.38) | 0.01* | 0.97 | (0.85 – 1.11) | 0.63 |
| Hyperactivity | 1.15 | (1.04 – 1.27) | 0.01* | 1.21 | (1.10 – 1.34) | <.01* | 1.21 | (1.10 – 1.34) | <.01* | 1.13 | (1.02 – 1.25) | 0.01* |
| Inappropriate Speech | 1.00 | (0.87 – 1.15) | 0.98 | 1.00 | (0.87 – 1.15) | 0.97 | 1.00 | (0.87 – 1.15) | 0.98 | 0.94 | (0.81 – 1.08) | 0.35 |
Abbreviations: SRS, Social Responsiveness Scale; RBS-R, Repetitive Behavior Scale Revised; ABC, Aberrant Behavior Checklist. Relative Risk (RR) comparing children with epilepsy to children without epilepsy (referent group).
*
p ≤ 0.05