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Naloxone (Nal, 3 μmol/L)-induced contraction in the guinea pig ileum incubated with different drugs at 37 °C for 4 h. (A) Vehicle. (B) Codeine phosphate (3 μmol/L). (C) Cholic acid (3 μmol/L). (D) Verticinone (3 μmol/L). (E) CA-Ver (3 μmol/L). W: Wash. ACh: Acetylcholine 3 μmol/L. Withdrawal responses were expressed as the ratio of the ACh 3 μmol/L responses. Vehicle: purified water. Other drugs were dissolved in purified water.
