Table 1. Autophagy activators.

Name	Mechanism	Target point	Solubility	References
Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS)	Starvation inducer	Autophagy induction	Water-soluble	20,21,59
Brefeldin A	ER stressing inducer	Autophagy induction	Water-insoluble	28,60,61
Thapsigargin	ER stressing inducer	Autophagy induction	Water-insoluble	28,29,61
Tunicamycin	ER stressing inducer	Autophagy induction	Water-insoluble	28,29,60,61
Rapamycin	mTOR inhibitor	mTOR-dependent signaling pathway	Water-insoluble	32,33,34
CCI-779	mTOR inhibitor	mTOR-dependent signaling pathway	Water-insoluble	37,39,62,63
RAD001	mTOR inhibitor	mTOR-dependent signaling pathway	Water-insoluble	39,64,65,66
AP23576	mTOR inhibitor	mTOR-dependent signaling pathway	Water-insoluble	39
Small molecule enhancers rapamycin (SMER)	mTOR-independent activator	mTOR-independent signaling pathway	Water-insoluble	40,41,42
Trehalose	mTOR-independent activator	mTOR-independent signaling pathway	Water-soluble	43,44,45
Lithium chloride	IMPase inhibitor	mTOR-independent signaling pathway	Water-soluble	47,48
L-690,330	IMPase inhibitor	mTOR-independent signaling pathway	Water-soluble	49
Carbamazepine	IMPase inhibitor	mTOR-independent signaling pathway	Water-insoluble	50,67,68
Valproic acid sodium salt	IMPase inhibitor	mTOR-independent signaling pathway	Water-soluble	51,67
N-Acetyl-D-sphingosine (C2-ceramide)	Class I PI3K inhibitor	mTOR-dependent signaling pathway	Water-insoluble	54,69
Penitrem A	Ca2+ channel blocker	mTOR-independent signaling pathway	Water-insoluble	11,70
Calpastatin	Calpain inhibitor	mTOR-independent signaling pathway	Water-soluble	71
Xestospongin B	IP3R blocker	mTOR-independent signaling pathway	Water-insoluble	58,72,73,74