Table 3.
Hierarchical Poisson regression for impact on OHRQoL of children and independent variables
|
Variable |
Impact on child’s OHRQoL |
Bivariate |
Multivariate |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present n (%) | Absent n (%) |
Unadjusted |
Adjusted |
|||
|
PR* |
PR † |
|||||
|
p-value |
p-value |
|||||
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |||||
|
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Female |
132 (32.4) |
275 (67.6) |
0.864 |
1.017 (0.836-1.238) |
- |
- |
| Male |
139 (31.9) |
297 (68.1) |
|
1.00 |
- |
- |
|
Age |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 3 years |
71 (25.8) |
204 (74.2) |
|
1.00 |
- |
- |
| 4 years |
95 (28.4) |
239 (71.6) |
0.470 |
1.102 (0.847-1.433) |
- |
- |
| 5 years |
105 (44.9) |
129 (55.1) |
<0.001 |
1.738 (1.360-2.222) |
- |
- |
|
1
st
level | ||||||
|
Type of preschool |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Public |
171 (37.5) |
285 (62.5) |
<0.001 |
1.451 (1.181-1.784) |
- |
- |
| Private |
100 (25.8) |
287 (74.2) |
|
1.00 |
- |
- |
|
Mother’s schooling |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ≤ 8 years of study |
153 (39.4) |
235 (60.6) |
<0.001 |
1.510 (1.239-1.841) |
- |
- |
| > 8 years of study |
118 (26.1) |
334 (73.9) |
|
1.00 |
- |
- |
|
Monthly household income |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ≤ 1 minimum salary |
177 (40.0) |
265 (60.0) |
<0.001 |
1.686 (1.357-2.094) |
- |
- |
| > 1 minimum salary |
86 (23.8) |
276 (76.2) |
|
1.00 |
- |
- |
|
Parent’s/guardian’s age |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ≤ 30 years |
139 (32.9) |
283 (67.1) |
0.456 |
1.079 (0.883-1.319) |
- |
- |
| > 30 years |
123 (30.5) |
280 (69.5) |
|
1.00 |
- |
- |
|
Number of residents in home |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| < 6 |
214 (30.6) |
485 (69.4) |
|
1.00 |
- |
- |
| ≥ 6 |
53 (41.1) |
76 (58.9) |
0.014 |
1.342 (1.061-1.697) |
- |
- |
|
Birth order |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Only child |
60 (22.8) |
203 (77.2) |
|
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
| Oldest child |
50 (40.7) |
73 (59.3) |
<0.001 |
1.782 (1.309-2.425) |
0.025 |
1.430 (1.045-1.958) |
| Middle child |
38 (36.5) |
66 (63.5) |
0.006 |
1.602 (1.143-2.243) |
0.316 |
1.183 (0.852-1.641) |
| Youngest child |
121 (34.7) |
228 (65.3) |
0.002 |
1.520 (1.166-1.981) |
0.106 |
1.228 (0.957-1.575) |
|
2
nd
level | ||||||
|
Perception of general health |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Good |
201 (29.6) |
479 (70.4) |
|
1.00 |
- |
- |
| Poor |
70 (44.0) |
89 (56.0) |
<0.001 |
1.489 (1.207-1.838) |
- |
- |
|
Perception of oral health |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Good |
120 (21.4) |
440 (78.6) |
|
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
| Poor |
151 (53.5) |
131 (46.5) |
<0.001 |
2.499 (2.062-3.029) |
<0.001 |
1.732 (1.399-2.145) |
|
3
rd
level | ||||||
|
Dental caries |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Absent |
46 (16.3) |
237 (83.7) |
|
1.00 |
- |
- |
| Present |
225 (40.2) |
335 (59.8) |
<0.001 |
2.472 (1.862-3.281) |
- |
- |
|
Cavitated lesions |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Absent/white spots |
77 (17.5) |
364 (82.5) |
|
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
| Cavitated anterior teeth |
17 (29.3) |
41 (70.7) |
0.024 |
1.679 (1.072-2.628) |
0.146 |
1.422 (0.885-2.287) |
| Cavitated posterior teeth |
82 (44.6) |
102 (55.4) |
<0.001 |
2.552 (1.970-3.307) |
<0.001 |
2.011 (1.518-2.664) |
| Cavitated anterior and posterior teeth |
95 (59.4) |
65 (40.6) |
<0.001 |
3.401 (2.675-4.323) |
<0.001 |
2.596 (1.982-3.400) |
|
TDI |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Absent |
168 (30.4) |
385 (69.6) |
|
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
| Present |
100 (35.0) |
186 (65.0) |
0.173 |
1.151 (0.940-1.409) |
0.001 |
1.413 (1.161-1.718) |
|
Type of TDI |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Discolouration |
38 (39.2) |
59 (60.8) |
0.071 |
1.285 (0.979-1.688) |
- |
- |
| Avulsion and/or luxation |
4 (36.4) |
7 (63.6) |
0.661 |
1.193 (0.542-2.628) |
- |
- |
| Enamel + dentine fracture |
16 (38.1) |
26 (61.9) |
0.276 |
1.250 (0.836-1.868) |
- |
- |
| Enamel fracture and without trauma |
210 (30.5) |
479 (69.5) |
|
1.00 |
- |
- |
|
Malocclusion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Absent |
95 (32.4) |
198 (67.6) |
0.827 |
1.023 (0.833-1.258) |
- |
- |
| Present |
173 (31.7) |
373 (68.3) |
|
1.00 |
- |
- |
|
Anterior crossbite |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Absent |
256 (31.5) |
557 (68.5) |
|
1.00 |
- |
- |
| Present |
9 (39.1) |
14 (60.9) |
0.413 |
1.243 (0.739-2.090) |
- |
- |
|
Anterior open bite |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Absent |
201 (31.1) |
446 (68.9) |
|
1.00 |
- |
- |
| Present |
58 (32.8) |
119 (67.2) |
0.663 |
1.055 (0.830-1.341) |
- |
- |
|
Posterior crossbite |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Absent |
229 (31.3) |
503 (68.7) |
|
1.00 |
- |
- |
| Unilateral |
30 (32.3) |
63 (67.7) |
0.848 |
1.031 (0.754-1.411) |
- |
- |
| Bilateral |
5 (55.6) |
4 (44.4) |
0.058 |
1.776 (0.980-3.217) |
- |
- |
|
Increased overbite |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Absent |
224 (33.6) |
442 (66.4) |
0.009 |
1.518 (1.112-2.073) |
- |
- |
| Present |
35 (22.2) |
123 (77.8) |
|
1.00 |
- |
- |
|
Increased overjet |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Absent |
144 (30.6) |
326 (69.4) |
|
1.00 |
- |
- |
| Present | 121 (33.1) | 245 (66.9) | 0.455 | 1.079 (0.884-1.317) | - | - |
*Unadjusted Poisson regression for independent variables and impact on child’s quality of life.
**Variables incorporated in multivariate model (p < 0.20): sex, age, type of preschool, mother’s schooling, monthly household income, number of residents in home, child’s birth order, parent’s/caregiver’s perception of child’s general health, parent’s/caregiver’s perception of child’s oral health, dental caries, untreated dental caries, traumatic dental injury, type of traumatic dental injury, malocclusion, posterior crossbite and increased overbite.
***For dental caries, the cut-off point was code ≥ 2; for cavitated lesions, absent/white spots (codes ≤ 2) and cavitated tooth (codes ≥ 3) were considered.
†Hierarchical Poisson regression: Level 1 adjusted for child’s characteristics and socio-demographic variables; Level 2 adjusted for child’s characteristics, socio-demographic variables and parent’s/caregiver’s perception of child’s health; Level 3 adjusted for child’s characteristics, socio-demographic variables, parent’s/caregiver’s perception of child’s health and oral health problems (dental caries, traumatic dental injuries and malocclusion).