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. 2014 Apr 18;12:55. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-12-55

Table 4.

Hierarchical Poisson regression for impact on OHRQoL of family and independent variables

Variable
 Impact on family’s OHRQoL
 Bivariate
 Multivariate
  Present n (%) Absent n (%) Unadjusted
 Adjusted
PR*
 PR †
p-value
 p-value
(95% CI) (95% CI)
Sex
  
  
  
  
  
  
Female
 106 (26.0)
 301 (74.0)
  
 1.00
 -
 -
Male
 115 (26.4)
 321 (73.6)
 0.913
 1.013 (0.807-1.270)
 -
 -
Age
  
  
  
  
  
  
3 years
 66 (24.0)
 209 (76.0)
  
 1.00
 -
 -
4 years
 85 (25.4)
 249 (74.6)
 0.681
 1.060 (0.802-1.402)
 -
 -
5 years
 70 (29.9)
 164 (70.1)
 0.133
 1.246 (0.935-1.662)
 -
 -
1 st level
Type of preschool
  
  
  
  
  
  
Public
 131 (28.7)
 325 (71.3)
 0.074
 1.235 (0.980-1.557)
 -
 -
Private
 90 (23.3)
 297 (76.7)
  
 1.00
 -
 -
Mother’s schooling
  
  
  
  
  
  
≤ 8 years of study
 117 (30.2)
 271 (69.8)
 0.019
 1.311 (1.045-1.644)
 -
 -
> 8 years of study
 104 (23.0)
 348(77.0)
  
 1.00
 -
 -
Monthly household income
  
  
  
  
  
  
≤ 1 minimum salary
 132 (29.9)
 310 (70.1)
 0.023
 1.318 (1.039-1.673)
 -
 -
> 1 minimum salary
 82 (22.7)
 280 (77.3)
  
 1.00
 -
 -
Parent’s/guardian’s age
  
  
  
  
  
  
≤ 30 years
 120 (28.4)
 302 (71.6)
 0.080
 1.232 (0.975-1.557)
 -
 -
> 30 years
 93 (23.1)
 310 (76.9)
  
 1.00
 -
 -
Number of residents in home
  
  
  
  
  
  
< 6
 176 (25.2)
 523 (74.8)
  
 1.00
 -
 -
≥ 6
 43 (33.3)
 86 (66.7)
 0.046
 1.324 (1.005-1.744)
 -
 -
Birth order
  
  
  
  
  
  
Only child
 55 (20.9)
 208 (79.1)
  
 1.00
 -
 -
Oldest child
 39 (31.7)
 84 (68.3)
 0.020
 1.516 (1.068-2.152)
 -
 -
Middle child
 27 (26.0)
 77 (74.0)
 0.290
 1.241 (0.832-1.853)
 -
 -
Youngest child
 98 (28.1)
 251 (71.9)
 0.046
 1.343 (1.006-1.792)
 -
 -
2 nd level
Perception of general health
  
  
  
  
  
  
Good
 157 (23.1)
 523 (76.9)
  
 1.00
 -
 -
Poor
 61 (38.4)
 98 (61.6)
 <0.001
 1.662 (1.307-2.113)
 -
 -
Perception of oral health
  
  
  
  
  
  
Good
 88 (15.7)
 472 (84.3)
  
 1.00
  
 1.00
Poor
 133 (47.2)
 149 (52.8)
 <0.001
 3.001 (2.389-3.770)
 <0.001
 2.116 (1.624-2.757)
3 rd level
Dental caries
  
  
  
  
  
  
Absent
 35 (12.4)
 248 (87.6)
  
 1.00
 -
 -
Present
 186 (33.2)
 374 (66.8)
 <0.001
 2.686 (1.928-3.742)
 -
 -
Cavitated lesions
  
  
  
  
  
  
Absent/white spots
 55 (12.5)
 386 (87.5)
  
 1.00
  
 1.00
Cavitated anterior teeth
 14 (24.1)
 44 (75.9)
 0.013
 1.935 (1.152-3.252)
 0.079
 1.586 (0.949-2.651)
Cavitated posterior teeth
 73 (39.7)
 111 (60.3)
 <0.001
 3.181 (2.345-4.315)
 <0.001
 2.380 (1.679-3.372)
Cavitated anterior and posterior teeth
 79 (49.4)
 81 (50.6)
 <0.001
 3.959 (2.954-5.306)
 <0.001
 2.809 (2.009-3.926)
TDI
  
  
  
  
  
  
Absent
 143 (25.9)
 410 (74.1)
  
 1.00
 -
 -
Present
 74 (25.9)
 212 (74.1)
 0.996
 1.001 (0.786-1.274)
 -
 -
Type of TDI
  
  
  
  
  
  
Discolouration
 32 (33.0)
 65 (67.0)
 0.080
 1.322 (0.968-1.805)
 0.054
 1.326 (0.995-1.766)
Avulsion and/or luxation
 4 (36.4)
 7 (63.6)
 0.352
 1.457 (0.660-3.217)
 0.006
 2.448 (1.288-4.653)
Enamel + dentine fracture
 9 (21.4)
 33 (78.6)
 0.614
 0.858 (0.474-1.554)
 0.877
 1.048 (0.582-1.885)
Enamel fracture and without trauma
 172 (25.0)
 517 (75.0)
  
 1.00
  
 1.00
Malocclusion
  
  
  
  
  
  
Absent
 81 (27.6)
 212 (72.4)
 0.386
 1.110 (0.877-1.405)
 -
 -
Present
 136 (24.9)
 410 (75.1)
  
 1.00
 -
 -
Anterior crossbite
  
  
  
  
  
  
Absent
 207 (25.5)
 606 (74.5)
  
 1.00
 -
 -
Present
 9 (39.1)
 14 (60.9)
 0.107
 1.537 (0.911-2.593)
 -
 -
Anterior open bite
  
  
  
  
  
  
Absent
 166 (25.7)
 481 (74.3)
 0.950
 1.009 (0.759-1.341)
 -
 -
Present
 45 (25.4)
 132 (74.6)
  
 1.00
 -
 -
Posterior crossbite
  
  
  
  
  
  
Absent
 548 (74.9)
 184 (25.1)
  
 1.00
 -
 -
Unilateral
 27 (29.0)
 66 (71.0)
 0.408
 1.155 (0.821-1.625)
 -
 -
Bilateral
 5 (55.6)
 4 (44.4)
 0.009
 2.210 (1.216-4.017)
 -
 -
Increased overbite
  
  
  
  
  
  
Absent
 185 (27.8)
 481 (72.2)
 0.006
 1.688 (1.164-2.449)
 -
 -
Present
 26(16.5)
 132(83.5)
  
 1.00
 -
 -
Increased overjet
  
  
  
  
  
  
Absent
 128 (27.2)
 342 (72.8)
 0.298
 1.133 (0.896-1.432)
 -
 -
Present 88 (24.0) 278 (76.0)   1.00 - -

*Unadjusted Poisson regression for independent variables and impact on family’s quality of life.

**Variables incorporated in multivariate model (p < 0.20): sex, age, type of preschool, mother’s schooling, monthly household income, parent’s/guardian’s age, number of residents in home, child’s birth order, parent’s/caregiver’s perception of child’s general health, parent’s/caregiver’s perception of child’s oral health, dental caries, untreated dental caries, traumatic dental injury, type of traumatic dental injury, malocclusion, anterior crossbite, posterior crossbite and increased overbite.

***For dental caries, the cut-off point was code ≥ 2; for cavitated lesions, absent/white spots (codes ≤ 2) and cavitated tooth (codes ≥ 3) were considered.

†Hierarchical Poisson regression: Level 1 adjusted for child’s characteristics and socio-demographic variables; Level 2 adjusted for child’s characteristics, socio-demographic variables and parent’s/caregiver’s perception of child’s health; Level 3 adjusted for child’s characteristics, socio-demographic variables, parent’s/caregiver’s perception of child’s health and oral health problems (dental caries, traumatic dental injuries and malocclusion).