The central role of DCs in infection-mediated inhibition of allergic responses. Allergens presented by nDCs induce allergic Th2 responses (green line). DCs educated by in vivo infection may become DC1-like cells (DC1) and/or tolerogenic DCs/DCregs. Allergens presented by DC1-like cells can activate Th1 cells, which inhibit allergic Th2 responses (immune deviation), whereas those presented by DCregs can induce Tregs or have a direct suppressing effect, thus inhibiting allergic Th2 responses (immune regulation). →: promoting effect; ⊣: inhibitory effect. DC, dendritic cell; DCreg, regulatory dendritic cell; nDC, normal dendritic cell; Treg, regulatory T cell.