Table 2. Biological effects of celiac disease autoantibodies.

	Effect describe		References
In vitro
	Induction of epithelial proliferation		69 and 70
	Inhibition of epithelial differentiation		69
	Increase in epithelial permeability	71–73
	Interference with gliadin up-take	74
	Inhibition of angiogenesis	75 and 76
	Increase in vascular permeability	77
	Induction of neuronal apoptosis	78
	Binding to placental tissue	79
	Induction of trophoblast apoptosis	80
In vivo
	Induction of ataxia	81
	No effect	82–84