Figure 1.
EH promotes PGN-induced IL-10 and inhibits proinflammatory cytokine production by mouse peritoneal macrophages, but does not induce cellular apoptosis. (a) Chemical structure of EH. Mouse peritoneal macrophages (3.5×105 cells/350 µl) were stimulated by various concentrations of EH in the presence or absence of PGN (25 µg/ml) for the indicated time period. The concentrations of IL-10 (b), IL-6 (c), TNF-α (d), IL-12p70 (e) and IL-1β (f) in the supernatants were measured by ELISA. Data are shown as the mean±s.d. of three independent experiments. * indicates P<0.05. (g) Mouse primary peritoneal macrophages were treated with the indicated concentrations of EH for 24 h. Cells were then harvested and labeled with PI and Annexin V, and analyzed by FACS. Similar results were obtained in three independent experiments. EH, ephedrine hydrochloride; PGN, peptidoglycan; PI, propidium iodide; s.d., standard deviation; TNF, tumor-necrosis factor.