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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Apr 29.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Genet Metab. 2012 Jul;106(3):385–394. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.03.017

Table 1.

Clinical signs associated with PDC deficiency.

Sign No. of cases (% of total) % Males
DD/MR/PMR 211 (57) 45
Hypotonia/hypertonia 169 (46) 51
Seizures 95 (26) 47
Microcephaly 83 (22) 23
Ataxia 72 (19) 78
Respiratory distress 51 (14) 59
Facial dysmorphism 44 (11) 34
Spasticity 38 (10) 34
Peripheral neuropathy 26 (7) 88
Optic atrophy 15 (4) 60
Nystagmus 11 (3) 64
Ptosis 9 (2.5) 89
Choreoathetoid movements 8 (2) 88
Strabismus 6 (1.6) 100