Table 3.

Results of GLMMs with performance in the exchange task as the dependent variable. Statistical parameters for the final model are given as well as factors entered into the model, degrees of freedom (df), F- and p-values. F- and p-values of excluded factors were taken from full models. Effects sizes are given for terms that remained in the final model. The results shown originate from S models; results written in italics originate from models containing the fixed factor “person”.

Factor	df	F	p	Factor level	Effect size
Final model	6	29.201	<0.001
Species	1	5.607	0.018	Crow	−0.904
				Raven	2.765
Familiarity	1	73.751	<0.001	Long-term	2.524
				Short-term	0
Season	2	52.590	<0.001	Pre-breeding	1.285
				Breeding	−1.192
				Post-breeding	0
Species × familiarity	2	2.857	0.058	Crow × long-tern	−3.108
				Raven × long-term	0
				Crow × short-term	−3.877
				Raven × short-term	0
Season × familiarity	2	9.218	<0.001	Pre-breeding × long-term	−1.918
				Breeding × long-term	−1.139
				Post-breeding × long-term	0
				Pre-breeding × short-term	0
				Breeding × short-term	0
				Post-breeding × short-term	0
Person (familiarity)	11	11.100	<0.001	A	2.282
				B	1.171
				C	1.744
				D	−0.025
				E	0
				D	1.743
				F	0.861
				G	−1.646
				H	−0.948
				I	0.175
				J	0.030
				K	−0.337
				L	0