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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Apr 29.
Published in final edited form as: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013 Oct 10;33(12):2771–2779. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302571

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Inhibitor of differentiation 3 (Id3) is a key regulator of natural helper (NH) cell interleukin (IL)-5 production and B-1a B cell proliferation, and NH cells may be important in innate protection from atherosclerosis. IL-33 stimulates fat-associated lymphoid cluster (FALC) resident NH cells to produce IL-5, which is dependent on Id3. IL-5 stimulates B-1a B cell proliferation and IgM natural antibody (NAb) production, an atheroprotective process. IL-5 and IgM NAb can enter the blood-stream. Aorta/perivascular adipose tissue resident NH cells can be stimulated by IL-33 to produce IL-5. This local process may stimulate resident atheroprotective B-1a cells.