Table 6.
Results of multi-level regression analysis: reported service utilization in rural and urban communities.
| Do you use any HIV-related services |
Use prevention services |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural |
Urban |
Rural |
Urban |
|||||
| aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | |
| CBOs per 100,000 | 2.08 | (1.93–2.25) | 1.22 | (1.16–1.28) | 2.09 | (1.91–2.28) | 1.24 | (1.18–1.31) |
| Gender | 1.24 | (0.91–1.70) | 1.12 | (0.91–1.39) | 0.87 | (0.62–1.23) | 1.08 | (0.85–1.37) |
| Age | 0.99 | (0.97–1.01) | 1.01 | (0.99–1.02) | 1.01 | (0.99–1.03) | 1.01 | (1.00–1.03) |
| Education | ||||||||
| Secondary | 1.69 | (1.16–2.45) | 0.93 | (0.70–1.22) | 2.11 | (1.37–3.24) | 0.91 | (0.66–1.25) |
| College/university | 3.77 | (2.44–5.84) | 1.48 | (1.11–1.96) | 4.62 | (2.81–7.59) | 1.59 | (1.15–2.19) |
| Employed | 2.32 | (1.51–3.55) | 1.32 | (1.03–1.70) | 1.91 | (1.18–3.08) | 1.2 | (0.91–1.58) |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married | 1.28 | (0.87–1.89) | 0.75 | (0.58–0.98) | 1.34 | (0.87–2.06) | 0.69 | (0.51–0.93) |
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 1.53 | (0.68–3.41) | 0.56 | (0.33–0.96) | 1.37 | (0.55–3.42) | 0.35 | (0.17–0.70) |
| Household wealth index | 1.77 | (1.45–2.17) | 0.88 | (0.75–1.05) | 1.68 | (1.32–2.15) | 0.8 | (0.66–0.96) |
| HIV prevalence | 1.08 | (1.04–1.12) | 0.96 | (0.94–0.97) | 1.13 | (1.08–1.18) | 0.95 | (0.93–0.97) |
| Exposure to mass media | 1.42 | (0.90–2.23) | 0.91 | (0.69–1.21) | 1.24 | (0.77–2.00) | 0.92 | (0.67–1.26) |
| Community assignment | 0.06 | (0.04–0.10) | 1.78 | (1.41–2.24) | 0.03 | (0.01–0.05) | 1.97 | (1.50–2.59) |
| N | 2226 | 2944 | 2226 | 2944 | ||||
| Use treatment services | Use care and support services | |||||||
| CBOs per 100,000 | 1.64 | (1.51–1.79) | 1.01 | (0.94–1.08) | 1.65 | (1.51–1.80) | 1.66 | (1.49–1.19) |
| Gender | 2.43 | (1.48–4.00) | 0.97 | (0.67–1.42) | 0.45 | (0.24–0.84) | 0.67 | (0.45–0.99) |
| Age | 0.95 | (0.92–0.98) | 0.98 | (0.96–1.00) | 1.01 | (0.98–1.04) | 0.99 | (0.97–1.02) |
| Education | ||||||||
| Secondary | 0.99 | (0.54–1.82) | 0.94 | (0.61–1.47) | 3.12 | (1.40–6.93) | 0.99 | (0.54–1.78) |
| College/university | 2.8 | (1.40–5.60) | 1.26 | (0.77–2.04) | 7.45 | (3.06–18.14) | 1.71 | (0.94–3.11) |
| Employed | 2.54 | (1.31–4.91) | 1.02 | (0.69–1.51) | 7.29 | (1.72–30.90) | 1.39 | (0.86–2.24) |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married | 0.78 | (0.44–1.40) | 1.13 | (0.73–1.73) | 1.08 | (0.54–2.18) | 0.87 | (0.54–1.41) |
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 3.05 | (1.17–7.94) | 1.58 | (0.73–3.34) | 1.06 | (0.19–5.86) | 0.15 | (0.02–1.14) |
| Household wealth index | 1.86 | (1.31–2.64) | 0.84 | (0.64–1.10) | 1.58 | (1.02–2.46) | 1.68 | (1.12–2.05) |
| HIV prevalence | 1 | (0.97–1.04) | 0.96 | (0.94–0.98) | 1.01 | (0.96–1.05) | 0.99 | (0.97–1.02) |
| Exposure to mass media | 3.65 | (1.44–9.28) | 1.13 | (0.71–1.82) | 1.73 | (0.63–4.72) | 1.22 | (0.64–2.35) |
| Community assignment | 0.49 | (0.33–0.74) | 1.48 | (1.00–2.19) | 0.4 | (0.27–0.61) | 0.41 | (0.25–0.69) |
| N | 2226 | 2944 | 2226 | 2944 | ||||
Notes: All coefficients significant at the 95% level are in bold font. The estimated conditional models were specified as follows:
DVij = γ00+ß11 Ageij + ß12 Genderij + ß13Marital statusij + ß14 Empolyment statusij+ ß15 Exposure to media + ß16 Househod wealth indexj + γ01 CBO densityj + γ02 Pair-wise assignmentj + γ03HIV Prevalencej + u0j + rij
where DVij is the dependent variable from ith individual in the jth community; γ00 is the non-random intercept term; ßij is the coffecient for the ith individual-level variable from jth community; γ0j is the coefficient for the jth community-level variable; u0j is the community-level residual; and rij is the individual-level residual.