Table 1.
Polymorphisms or unusual mutations (p > 1%) weakly associated with PI resistance in HIV-1 protease from treated and naïve individuals according to the HIVdb
| Mutation | p (%) | PV (%) | Region (PV) | Association with drug resistance | Classification |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
W6R |
2.34 |
8.20 |
C (0.98) |
Found in indinavir-resistant PR [44] |
UM |
|
T12A/I |
1.34/1.34 |
9.40 |
V (8.04) |
T12A decreased in patients treated with PIs. [45]T12I appears in cell culture in the presence of SQV [46] |
NP/NP |
|
I13V |
17.33 |
18.33 |
V (8.04) |
Found in isolates from patients treated with NFV [47] |
NP |
|
I15V |
8.28 |
9.27 |
V (8.04) |
Associated with reduced virological response to RTV + SQV therapy [48] |
NP |
|
E35D |
18.21 |
18.54 |
HV(26.05) |
Associated with reduced in vivo virological responses to RTV/AMP [49] |
NP |
|
N37D/E |
9.27/5.96 |
40.07 |
HV(26.05) |
N37D appears together with N37E in patient treated with LPV + RTV [50] |
NP/NP |
|
R41K |
19.00 |
19.00 |
SC(2.39) |
Associated with reduced in vivo virological responses to RTV + APV in PIs experienced patients [49] |
NP |
|
R57K |
17.88 |
18.38 |
* |
Relatively frequent in patients failing treatment with RTV + SQV [51] |
NP |
| L63A |
3.48 |
84.77 |
HV(22.02) |
L63A frequent polymorphism but significantly associated with the antiretroviral treatment [39,52] |
NP |
| H69Y |
3.15 |
7.62 |
V(7.56) |
Appears in viruses selected with LPV [53] |
NP |
|
K70E |
3.31 |
9.11 |
V(7.56) |
K70E appears in virus selected in cell culture with DRV [54] |
NP |
| I72R | 1.32 | 24.50 | HV(27.48) | Associated with viral rebound during therapy with LPV + RTV [50] | UM |
p, prevalence; PV, phenotypic variation; C, conserved; SC, semi-conserved; V; variable; HV, highly variable; APV, amprenavir; ATV, atazanavir; DRV, darunavir; IDV, indinavir; RTV, ritonavir; SQV, saquinavir; PIs, protease inhibitors; NP, natural polymorphisms; UM, unusual mutations.
*Values below the 15th percentile or above the 75th percentile were not considered.