Table 5.
Baseline safety characteristics, overall and by treatment arm.
| Total | Healthy Eating/Physical Activity | Safety | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 421 | 212 | 209 | |
| Parent-Related Safety Factors | ||||
| Parent safety self-efficacy, M(SD) | 3.5 (0.4) | 3.5 (0.4) | 3.5 (0.4) | 0.39 |
| Parental support for safety a | ||||
| Encouraged child to wear helmet or safety equipment daily/past week, n(%) | 80 (29.3) | 50 (35.0) | 30 (23.0) | 0.03 |
| Encouraged child to wear sunscreen daily/past week, n(%) | 73 (24.6) | 39 (25.7) | 34 (23.5) | 0.66 |
| Reminded child to wear seatbelt or car restraint daily/past week, n(%) | 324 (80.6) | 164 (80.0) | 160 (81.2) | 0.76 |
| Seatbelt and car seat use a | ||||
| Child has car seat or booster seat, n(%) | 325 (85.5) | 172 (86.4) | 153 (84.5) | 0.60 |
| Child always uses booster seat, n(%) | 291 (76.4) | 151 (75.1) | 140 (77.8) | 0.54 |
| Child always uses seatbelt, n(%) | 206 (51.0) | 96 (46.4) | 110 (55.8) | 0.06 |
| Parent always uses seatbelt when driver, n(%) | 392 (94.2) | 202 (95.3) | 190 (93.1) | 0.35 |
| Parent always uses seatbelt as a passenger, n(%) | 379 (90.7) | 194 (91.5) | 185 (89.8) | 0.55 |
| Parent distracted driving | ||||
| Never put on makeup while driving/past week, n(%) | 390 (93.3) | 197 (92.9) | 193 (93.7) | 0.75 |
| Never took hands off wheel to care for child while driving/past week, n(%) | 249 (59.7) | 124 (58.8) | 125 (60.7) | 0.69 |
| Never turned on/changed GPS while driving/past week, n(%) | 343 (82.3) | 175 (82.6) | 168 (82.0) | 0.87 |
| Never talked on cell phone while driving/past week, n(%) | 80 (19.2) | 27 (12.8) | 53 (25.7) | <0.01 |
| Never dialed or texted on cell phone while driving/past week, n(%) | 208 (49.8) | 102 (48.1) | 106 (51.5) | 0.49 |
| Does not make calls while driving, n(%) | 97 (23.1) | 46 (21.7) | 51 (24.5) | 0.49 |
| Waits for red light before making calls, n(%) | 246 (58.6) | 129 (60.9) | 117 (56.3) | 0.34 |
| Slow down before making calls, n(%) | 91 (21.7) | 52 (24.5) | 39 (18.8) | 0.15 |
| Park by side of road before making calls, n(%) | 91 (21.7) | 47 (22.2) | 44 (21.2) | 0.80 |
| Child safety equipment availability | ||||
| Owns a helmet, n(%)a | 378 (91.3) | 195 (92.4) | 183 (90.2) | 0.41 |
| Owns knee pads, n(%) | 172 (41.0) | 95 (44.8) | 77 (37.0) | 0.10 |
| Owns elbow pads, n(%) | 147 (35.0) | 82 (38.7) | 65 (31.3) | 0.11 |
| Owns shin guards, n(%) | 93 (22.1) | 48 (22.6) | 45 (21.6) | 0.80 |
| Owns wrist guards, n(%) | 60 (14.3) | 33 (15.6) | 27 (13.0) | 0.45 |
| Owns a mouth guard, n(%) | 42 (10.0) | 23 (10.9) | 19 (9.1) | 0.56 |
| Child helmet use a | ||||
| Always while riding bike, n(%) | 240 (59.4) | 133 (63.6) | 107 (54.9) | 0.07 |
| Always while riding scooter, n(%) | 89 (32.1) | 44 (31.4) | 45 (32.9) | 0.80 |
| Always while playing hockey/contact sports, n(%) | 60 (60.0) | 31 (59.6) | 29 (60.4) | 0.93 |
| Always while rollerblading, n(%) | 47 (42.3) | 26 (47.3) | 21 (37.5) | 0.30 |
| Always while skiing/snowboarding, n(%) | 35 (48.0) | 16 (50.0) | 19 (46.3) | 0.76 |
| Always while skateboarding, n(%) | 33 (35.9) | 19 (41.3) | 14 (30.4) | 0.28 |
| Parent checks helmet fit regularly, n(%) | 295 (78.5) | 159 (80.7) | 136 (76.0) | 0.26 |
| Parent helmet availability and use a | ||||
| Owns a helmet, n(%) | 185 (48.6) | 96 (49.7) | 89 (47.3) | 0.64 |
| Always wears while riding bike, n(%) | 98 (30.5) | 53 (31.7) | 45 (29.2) | 0.62 |
| Always wears while rollerblading, n(%) | 14 (9.9) | 6 (8.2) | 8 (11.8) | 0.48 |
| Always wears while skiing or snowboarding, n(%) | 11 (9.8) | 4 (7.7) | 7 (11.7) | 0.48 |
| Always wears while playing hockey or contact sports, n(%) | 6 (9.4) | 2 (6.7) | 4 (11.8) | 0.68b |
| Injury prevention a | ||||
| Use non-slip mat in bathtub or shower, n(%)c | 170 (40.5) | 86 (40.6) | 84 (40.4) | 0.97 |
| When cooking, usually use back burners on oven, n(%)c | 126 (30.2) | 65 (30.8) | 61 (29.6) | 0.79 |
| When cooking, usually face pot handles to side or back of oven, n(%)c | 403 (97.6) | 207 (99.0) | 196 (96.1) | 0.06b |
| Have working smoke detectors in home, n(%)c | 409 (97.6) | 209 (98.6) | 200 (96.6) | 0.22b |
| Have smoke detectors on each floor of home, n(%)c | 390 (93.5) | 200 (94.8) | 190 (92.2) | 0.29 |
| Changed smoke detector batteries/past year, n(%)c | 264 (63.0) | 137 (64.9) | 127 (61.1) | 0.41 |
| Carbon monoxide detector in home, n(%)c | 348 (83.1) | 182 (85.9) | 166 (80.2) | 0.12 |
| Changed carbon monoxide detector batteries/past year, n(%)c | 162 (40.8) | 96 (47.8) | 66 (33.7) | <0.01 |
| Use space heaters without safety mechanism in home, n(%)d | 19 (4.5) | 9 (4.3) | 10 (4.8) | 0.79 |
| Have screens on fireplaces/wood stoves in home, n(%)c | 164 (87.7) | 83 (89.3) | 81 (86.2) | 0.52 |
| Parent smokes in bed, n(%)d | 3 (5.6) | 2 (7.7) | 1 (3.6) | 0.60b |
| Adult always present when child near water, n(%) | 408 (97.1) | 204 (96.2) | 204 (98.1) | 0.26 |
| Sun protection use | ||||
| Child had 1+ sunburns/past year, n(%) | 170 (40.5) | 86 (40.6) | 84 (40.4) | 0.97 |
| Child always or usually wears sunscreen when outside, n(%) | 293 (69.8) | 141 (66.5) | 152 (73.1) | 0.14 |
| Child uses > SPF30 sunscreen, n(%) | 267 (64.5) | 137 (65.2) | 130 (63.7) | 0.75 |
| Child uses sunscreen on cloudy days, n(%) | 146 (35.0) | 77 (36.7) | 69 (33.3) | 0.48 |
| Child uses sunglasses, n(%) | 285 (67.9) | 139 (65.6) | 146 (70.2) | 0.31 |
| Child uses hat, n(%) | 258 (61.4) | 121 (57.1) | 137 (65.9) | 0.06 |
| Child stays in shade, n(%) | 254 (60.5) | 125 (59.0) | 129 (62.0) | 0.52 |
| Child stays inside during peak-sun hours, n(%) | 172 (41.0) | 85 (40.1) | 87 (41.8) | 0.72 |
| Child uses long or short sleeve shirt, n(%) | 169 (40.2) | 86 (40.6) | 83 (39.9) | 0.89 |
| Child uses protective swimwear, n(%) | 134 (31.9) | 66 (31.1) | 68 (32.7) | 0.73 |
| Parent always or usually wears sunscreen when outside, n(%) | 198 (47.5) | 97 (46.0) | 101 (49.0) | 0.53 |
| Secondhand smoke | ||||
| Smoking not allowed anywhere in home, n(%) | 399 (95.7) | 201 (95.3) | 198 (96.1) | 0.67 |
| Smoking not allowed anywhere in car, n(%) | 372 (89.4) | 189 (89.6) | 183 (89.3) | 0.92 |
| Family Disaster Plan | ||||
| Family has fire escape plan, n(%) | 182 (43.7) | 91 (43.3) | 91 (44.0) | 0.90 |
| Family has plan for other disasters, n(%) | 277 (66.9) | 134 (64.4) | 143 (69.4) | 0.28 |
| Family has disaster emergency kit, n(%) | 89 (21.5) | 47 (22.6) | 42 (20.4) | 0.58 |
| Family has emergency meeting place, n(%) | 171 (41.2) | 82 (39.2) | 89 (43.2) | 0.41 |
| Gun safety a | ||||
| Gun in home, n(%)d | 127 (30.5) | 66 (31.3) | 61 (29.6) | 0.71 |
| BB gun or other type of gun in home, n(%)d | 77 (18.7) | 38 (18.5) | 39 (18.9) | 0.92 |
| Any type of gun in home, n(%)d | 154 (37.5) | 81 (39.3) | 73 (35.6) | 0.44 |
| Gun kept locked, n(%)c | 73 (57.0) | 37 (55.2) | 36 (59.0) | 0.67 |
| Gun kept unloaded, n(%)c | 114 (89.8) | 58 (87.9) | 56 (91.8) | 0.47 |
| Gun kept taken apart or with trigger lock, n(%)c | 81 (63.3) | 43 (64.2) | 38 (62.3) | 0.83 |
| Ammunition kept separate and locked, n(%)c | 33 (28.5) | 14 (23.3) | 19 (33.4) | 0.21 |
| Parent talked about gun safety with child, n(%) | 185 (45.1) | 95 (46.3) | 90 (43.9) | 0.62 |
| Internet and computer safety | ||||
| Child has internet access in home, n(%) | 348 (82.9) | 178 (84.0) | 170 (81.7) | 0.54 |
| Parent set child privacy settings on social networking sets, n(%)a,c | 25 (37.9) | 13 (40.6) | 12 (35.3) | 0.66 |
| Parental controls on home computer, n(%)a,c | 152 (38.5) | 77 (38.5) | 75 (38.5) | 0.99 |
| Parent talked to child about internet safety, n(%)a,c | 160 (64.8) | 81 (60.5) | 79 (69.9) | 0.12 |
| Child aware of “phishing,” n(%) | 53 (13.0) | 23 (11.2) | 30 (14.8) | 0.28 |
| Child understands to be careful sharing personal info online, n(%)c | 129 (31.6) | 60 (28.9) | 69 (34.5) | 0.22 |
| Antivirus software installed on home computer, n(%)a,c | 352 (88.7) | 180 (87.8) | 172 (89.6) | 0.58 |
| Computer in home, n(%) | 406 (96.7) | 206 (97.2) | 200 (96.2) | 0.56 |
| Computer in main living area, n(%) | 263 (62.6) | 137 (64.6) | 126 (60.6) | 0.39 |
| Computer in home office or computer room, n(%) | 171 (40.7) | 86 (40.6) | 85 (40.9) | 0.95 |
| Computer in adult bedroom, n(%) | 55 (13.1) | 20 (9.4) | 35 (16.8) | 0.02 |
| Computer in child bedroom, n(%) | 13 (3.1) | 6 (2.8) | 7 (3.4) | 0.75 |
a
Comparisons are made between participants for whom the question was applicable; not applicable is coded as missing.
b
P-value derived from Fisher's Exact Test.
c
Response “don't know” is coded as no (i.e. does not engage in behavior).
d
Response “don't know” is coded as yes (i.e. does engage in behavior).