Table 1.
Baseline of clinical and demographic characteristics among groups according to exacerbation frequency
| Parameters | Group 1 ( n = 116) | Group 2A ( n = 64) | Group 2B (n = 47) | Total (n = 227) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SD, yrs) |
71.78 ± 6.36 |
71.02 ± 7.24 |
72.19 ± 7.30 |
71.65 ± 6.80 |
| Male, % |
73.3 |
67.2 |
66.0 |
70.0 |
| Height (mean ± SD, cm) |
169.6 ± 2.32 |
171.2 ± 3.19 |
170.7 ± 2.56 |
170.9 ± 3.03 |
| Weight (mean ± SD, kg) |
67.06 ± 4.10 |
67.60 ± 3.78 |
71.20 ± 3.98 |
68.90 ± 2.75 |
| BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m2) |
23.58 ± 3.31 |
23.05 ± 4.30 |
24.42 ± 3.68 |
23.60 ± 3.70 |
| Current smoker, % |
56.0 |
57.8 |
66.0 |
58.6 |
| Numbers of preceding year exacerbationa |
0 (0 to 1.0) |
0.5 (0 to 2.0) |
1.0 (0 to 2.0) |
0 (0 to 1.0) |
| GOLD grade |
|
|
|
- |
| GOLD 1, % |
4.3 |
6.3 |
0 |
4.0- |
| GOLD 2, % |
16.4 |
9.4 |
8.5 |
12.8- |
| GOLD 3, % |
45.7 |
45.3 |
57.4 |
48.0- |
| GOLD 4, % |
33.6 |
39.1 |
34.0 |
35.2- |
| FEV1 (mean ± SD, L)b |
0.81 ± 0.36 |
0.75 ± 0.33 |
0.66 ± 0.29 |
0.76 ± 0.34- |
| FEV1 (mean ± SD, % predicted) |
38.76 ± 16.90 |
37.61 ± 17.08 |
34.49 ± 11.91 |
37.55 ± 16.07- |
| FVC, (mean ± SD, L)c |
1.50 ± 0.54 |
1.42 ± 0.49 |
1.27 ± 0.53 |
1.43 ± 0.53- |
| pH (mean ± SD) |
7.40 ± 0.04 |
7.40 ± 0.04 |
7.40 ± 0.04 |
7.40 ± 0.04- |
| PaCO2 (mean ± SD, mmHg)d |
48.03 ± 9.97 |
51.35 ± 10.45 |
49.78 ± 12.04 |
49.33- ± 10.61 |
| PaO2 (mean ± SD, mmHg) |
67.42 ± 11.67 |
67.10 ± 14.30 |
65.56 ± 13.01 |
66.94 ± 12.70- |
| Cor pulmonale, %e |
34.5 |
54.7 |
63.8 |
46.3- |
| Comorbidity, %f |
70.7 |
75.0 |
89.4 |
75.8- |
| Cardiovascular disease, % (n) |
62.9 (73) |
79.7 (51) |
74.5 (35) |
70.0 (159) - |
| Cerebrovascular disease, % (n) |
28.4 (33) |
23.4 (15) |
36.2 (17) |
28.6 (65) - |
| Diabetes mellitus, % (n) |
14.7 (17) |
14.1 (9) |
12.8 (6) |
14.1 (32) - |
| Neoplasms, % (n) |
7.8 (9) |
7.8 (5) |
10.6 (5) |
8.4 (19) - |
| Osteoporosis, % (n) |
2.6 (3) |
3.1 (2) |
4.3 (2) |
3.1 (7) - |
| Arrhythmia, % (n) |
2.6 (3) |
1.6 (1) |
4.3 (2) |
2.6 (7) - |
| Total comorbidity |
1 (0 to 3.0) |
1 (0 to 4.0) |
1 (0 to 3.6) |
1 (1.0-2.0) - |
| Charlson index (mean ± SD)g |
5.30 ± 1.77 |
5.33 ± 1.94 |
5.62 ± 1.53 |
5.37 ± 1.77- |
| Medicine at home, % |
29.3 |
40.6 |
31.9 |
33.0- |
| LTOT at home, % |
6.9 |
15.6 |
10.6 |
10.1- |
| HMV, % |
1.7 |
4.7 |
2.1 |
2.6- |
| NPPV in hospitalization, %*h | 16.4 | 35.9 | 51.1 | 29.1- |
BMI, body mass index; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity; HMV, home mechanical ventilation; LTOT, long-term oxygen treatment; NPPV, non-invasive positive pressure ventilation; PaCO2, arterial carbon dioxide tension; PaO2, arterial oxygen tension.
a:Pgroup 1-group 2B and Pgroup 1-group 2A < 0.001;
b:Pgroup 1-group 2B = 0.012;
c:Pgroup 1-group 2B = 0.013;
d:Pgroup 1-group 2B = 0.044;
e:Pgroup 1-group 2A = 0.008; and Pgroup 1-group2B = 0.001;
f:Pgroup 1-group 2B = 0.011;
g:Pgroup 1-group2B = 0.014;
h:Pgroup 1-group 2A = 0.003; and Pgroup 1-group 2B < 0.001.