Table 1.
Age standardized baseline characteristics of 2258 women in the Nurses’ Health Study and 1840 men in the Health Professional Follow-up Study by fifths of fiber intake after initial myocardial infarction (MI). Values are percentages unless stated otherwise
| Characteristics | Women | Men | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowest fifth | Third fifth | Highest fifth | Lowest fifth | Third fifth | Highest fifth | ||
| No of participants | 433 | 437 | 457 | 367 | 373 | 358 | |
| Mean (SD) post-MI fiber intake* | 12.4 (2.0) | 19.2 (0.8) | 28.7 (4.4) | 16.0 (2.4) | 24.4 (1.0) | 37.0 (5.8) | |
| Mean (SD) pre-MI fiber intake† | 14.0 (4.6) | 17.5 (4.6) | 22.2 (6.6) | 17.3 (4.9) | 22.3 (5.6) | 27.8 (8.3) | |
| Mean (SD) change from before to after MI‡ | −1.6 (4.5) | 1.7 (4.5) | 6.5 (6.7) | −1.3 (4.6) | 2.1 (5.6) | 9.2 (9.0) | |
| Mean (SD) age at diagnosis (years)§ | 64.5 (8.8) | 64.9 (8.5) | 65.1 (8.2) | 65.8 (9.5) | 66.1 (8.9) | 66.1 (8.9) | |
| Mean (SD) body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.3 (5.4) | 27.6 (6.2) | 26.3 (5.2) | 26.4 (3.7) | 26.1 (3.6) | 25.6 (3.7) | |
| Mean (SD) physical activity (MET h/wk) | 9.4 (13.5) | 13.4(18.4) | 20.1 (20.8) | 25.9 (33.6) | 37.0 (54.0) | 40.4 (35.0) | |
| Smoking status: | |||||||
| Never smoker | 25 | 30 | 38 | 28 | 36 | 41 | |
| Former smoker | 51 | 61 | 58 | 54 | 52 | 47 | |
| Current smoker | 24 | 9 | 4 | 9 | 4 | 1 | |
| Married | 64 | 69 | 69 | 85 | 90 | 88 | |
| Diabetes | 19 | 27 | 24 | 13 | 13 | 15 | |
| High blood pressure | 67 | 74 | 70 | 59 | 58 | 50 | |
| Increased cholesterol level | 71 | 80 | 79 | 68 | 63 | 64 | |
| Aspirin use | 61 | 62 | 64 | 78 | 82 | 81 | |
| Lipid lowering drug use | 42 | 50 | 55 | 48 | 57 | 50 | |
| CABGS | 53 | 53 | 63 | 70 | 76 | 74 | |
| Reproductive factors: | |||||||
| Premenopause | 5 | 4 | 4 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
| Past PMH user | 29 | 29 | 28 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
| Current PMH user | 57 | 57 | 64 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
| Dietary intake: | |||||||
| Mean (SD) total energy (kcal/d) | 1619 (538) | 1637 (526) | 1592 (518) | 1878 (620) | 1946 (646) | 1925 (621) | |
| Mean (SD) saturated fat (% of energy) | 11.1 (3.2) | 9.2 (2.3) | 7.0 (2.1) | 10.8 (3.0) | 8.8 (2.4) | 6.1 (2.0) | |
| Mean (SD) n-3 fatty acids (% of energy) | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.7 (0.5) | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.9 (0.6) | |
| Mean (SD) trans fatty acid (% of energy) | 1.8 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.5) | 1.0 (0.5) | 1.8 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.6) | 0.9 (0.5) | |
| Mean (SD) alcohol (g/d) | 6.0 (12.8) | 4.3 (9.1) | 2.9 (5.4) | 13.4 (17.1) | 9.1 (12.3) | 6.3 (10.3) | |
| Mean (SD) folate (μg/d) | 389 (229) | 488 (262) | 613 (294) | 542 (318) | 699 (331) | 874 (449) | |
| Mean (SD) cereal fiber (g/d) | 4.0 (1.7) | 5.9 (2.2) | 8.4 (4.0) | 5.3 (2.1) | 7.8 (2.8) | 11.2 (4.8) | |
| Mean (SD) fruit fiber (g/d) | 1.3 (0.6) | 4.0 (0.4) | 8.7 (2.6) | 1.8 (0.7) | 5.1 (0.5) | 11.4 (3.5) | |
| Mean (SD) legume fiber (g/d) | 0.2 (0.1) | 1.0 (0.1) | 3.4 (1.6) | 0.4 (0.3) | 1.7 (0.2) | 5.3 (2.1) | |
| Clinical characteristics: | |||||||
| Heart failure | Not available | Not available | Not available | 8 | 9 | 8 | |
| Received acute therapy during hospital stay | Not available | Not available | Not available | 34 | 34 | 36 | |
| Anterior MI | Not available | Not available | Not available | 39 | 48 | 45 | |
| ST elevation MI | Not available | Not available | Not available | 42 | 40 | 43 | |
| Normal left ventricular ejection fraction | Not available | Not available | Not available | 84 | 80 | 80 | |
Nutrients were energy adjusted.
MET=metabolic equivalent task; CABGS=coronary artery bypass surgery; PMH=postmenopausal hormone use.
*Baseline diet factors are taken from participant’s first post-MI food frequency questionnaire; Lifestyle factors are taken from corresponding questionnaire by date of first post-MI food frequency questionnaire.
†Pre-MI diet is taken from participant’s most recent food frequency questionnaire before initial MI onset.
‡Change of diet from pre-MI to post-MI is calculated as change=(post-MI diet−pre-MI diet).
§Age is not age standardized.