Table 2.
Evaluation of activities of protocatechuic acid in preventing different chemical carcinogenesis in rodents [30].
| Species/strain/gender of animals | Carcinogen/ promoter |
PCA dose/route | Target tissue | Response |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F344 rats/males | 4-NQO | 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm/in diet | Oral cavity (tongue)/SCC |
Inhibition |
| F344 rats/males | 4-NQO | 2000 ppm/in diet | Oral cavity (tongue)/SCC |
Inhibition |
| Syrian golden hamsters/males |
DMBA | 200 ppm/in diet | Buccal pouch/ SCC |
Inhibition |
| F344 rats/males | MNNG | 1500 ppm/in diet | Fore stomach/SCC | No effects |
| F344 rats/males | AOM | 1000, 2000 ppm/in diet | Colon/ADC | Inhibition |
| F344 rats/males | AOM | 250, 500, and 1000 ppm/in diet | Colon/ADC | Inhibition |
| Syrian golden hamsters/males |
BOP | 500, 1000 ppm/in diet | Pancreas/ADC | Inhibition |
| F344 rats/males | DEN | 500, 1000 ppm/p.o. | Liver/AD | Inhibition |
| A/J mice/females | NNK | 1000 ppm/in diet | Lung/AD | No effects |
| F344 rats/males | BBN | 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm/in diet | Urinary bladder/TCC |
Inhibition |
| CD-1 mice/females | B[a]P/TPA | 5, 10, 20 mM | Skin/PAP | Inhibition |
| ICR mice/females | DMBA/TPA | 16, 160, and 1600 nM/topically to the skin 0; 40 min or 3 h before TPA | Skin/PAP | Inhibition (16 nM); enhancement of skin papilloma by 1600 nM PCA |
| F344 rats/males | PhIP | 2000 ppm/in diet | Breast/ADC | No effects |
AD: adenoma; ADC: adenocarcinoma; AOM: azoxymethane; B[a]P: benzo[a]pyrene; BBN: N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine; BOP: N-nitrosobis (2-oxopropyl) amine; DEN: N-diethylnitrosamine; DMBA: 7, 12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene; MMMG: N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine; NNK: 4-(methyl-nitroso-amino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; 4-NQO: 4-nitroquinoline oxide; PAP: squamous cell papilloma; PhIP: 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine; SCC: squamous cell cancer; TCC: transitional cell carcinoma; TPA: 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate.