TABLE 2.

Individual-level risk factors for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) diagnosis during treatment among cases without MDR-TB at baseline in Moldova^#

Variable	New TB cases		Previously treated TB cases
	Unadjusted HR (95% CI)	Adjusted HR (95% CI)	Unadjusted HR (95% CI)	Adjusted HR (95% CI)
Demographic and socio-economic factors
Age years
<40	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
≥040	0.26 (0.11–0.60)	0.34 (0.15–0.79)	0.31 (0.12–0.83)	0.49 (0.20–1.21)
Living in an urban or rural area
Rural	Reference		Reference
Urban	1.89 (0.86–4.12)		1.64 (0.63–4.30)
Homeless
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	2.58 (0.43–15.65)		0.78 (0.15–10.96)
Sex
Female	Reference		Reference	Reference
Male	1.55 (0.60–3.98)		0.39 (0.12–1.26)	0.35 (0.11–1.08)
Citizenship
Moldovan	Reference		Reference
Other	2.86 (0.03–299.2)		10.39 (0.10–1093.1)
Occupation
Other	Reference		Reference
Employed	0.22 (0.07–0.73)	0.28 (0.05–1.40)	0.36 (0.06, 2.22)
Salaried
Yes	Reference		Reference
No	2.97 (1.13–7.81)	1.48 (0.39–5.59)	3.33 (0.97–11.43)
Education (linear)
For each increase in education level¶	0.87 (0.52–1.46)		0.54 (0.27–1.11)
Spent >3 months outside Moldova during previous     12 months
No	Reference	Reference	Reference
Yes	3.67 (1.54–8.79)	2.30 (0.99–5.35)	1.46 (0.37–5.76)
Was previously in detention
No	Reference	Reference	Reference
Yes	11.97 (3.59–39.91)	9.10 (2.80–29.54)	3.60 (0.94–13.81)
Household size
Living with others	Reference	Reference	Reference
Living alone	4.85 (1.92–12.22)	4.12 (1.60–10.59)	1.31 (0.43–4.01)
Number of children in the household
At least one	Reference	Reference	Reference
None	2.22 (0.95–5.19)	1.57 (0.64–3.87)	0.63 (0.23–1.70)
Lives with someone with diagnosed TB
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	2.10 (0.52–8.52)		1.48 (0.34–6.45)
Region of residence	Could not be estimated		Could not be estimated
HIV status and TB–related factors
Degree of lung pathology
Infiltration	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Destruction	3.33 (1.37–8.08)	2.40 (1.01–5.71)	4.29 (1.22–15.13)	3.29 (1.02–10.67)
Smear microscopy result
Negative/untested/result unknown	Reference		Reference
Positive	2.10 (0.87–5.08)		3.28 (0.82–13.17)
Culture positive, linear graded 1–3
For each increase in grade	1.47 (0.91–2.38)	1.28 (0.80–2.05)	1.21 (0.65, 2.26)
HIV status
Negative/untested/result unknown	Reference	Reference	Reference
Positive	12.96 (3.16–53.15)	4.70 (1.24–17.82)	6.59 (0.79–55.22)
Presence of resistance to any first-line drugs at     baseline+
None	Reference		Reference
Any drug resistance present	14.31 (5.69–35.96)		6.22 (2.21–17.52)
Number of drugs to which there was resistance
Linear trend 0,1,2,3	5.84 (3.57–9.56)	3.85 (2.17–6.83)	4.48 (2.56–7.85)	2.85 (1.51–5.36)
Resistance to isoniazid+
None	Reference		Reference
Any	22.35 (8.08–61.79)		4.02 (1.35–11.92)
Any resistance to rifampicin+
None	Reference		Reference	Reference
Any	18.65 (2.87–121.2)		111.16 (21.72–569.0)	20.50 (4.83–86.94)
Any resistance to ethambutol+
None	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Any	81.44 (22.15–299.5)	3.45 (0.78–15.27)	49.58 (10.85–226.6)	2.54 (0.47–13.76)
Any resistance to streptomycin+
None	Reference		Reference
Any	11.13 (4.39–28.19)		6.44 (2.24–18.49)

Unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals from univariable and multivariable models are presented for both new and previously treated cases. Cells left blank indicate that variable was not included in the multivariable model.

^#between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2010;

^¶categories in increasing order: no education, primary, secondary, specialised secondary, higher;

⁺all of these variables were potentially highly correlated (online supplementary material).