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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pflugers Arch. 2014 Feb 25;466(4):757–765. doi: 10.1007/s00424-014-1454-x

Figure 2. Possible Pathways of T-type Calcium Channel Blocker Zonisamide.

Figure 2

Zonisamide functions through multiple mechanisms. Due to its multifactorial mechanisms of action, it is not clear by which set of pathways provides its neuroprotective effects. 1) Zonisamide functions as a T-type calcium channel blocker. 2) Zonisamide inhibits NOS1. 3) Zonisamide upregulates SOD2. 4) Zonisamide increases GSH. 5) Zonisamide increases NRF2. 6) Zonisamide inhibits MAO-B. 7) Zonisamide increases VEGF. 8) Zonisamide inhibits ryanodine receptors resulting in a decrease of excess calcium. Arrows indicate increase or activation. Ended lines indicate inhibition. References in text.