Table 3. Parkinson Disease and Coffee and Alcohol Consumption: Conditional Logistic Regression Analysis on Data of Patients and Hospital Controls.
| Cases | Controlsa | Crude | Adjustedb | |
| No. (%) | No. (%) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Coffee consumption (Consumption-years) | ||||
| 0–97 | 128 (28.8) | 220 (25.1) | 1 | 1 |
| >97–156 | 146 (32.9) | 221 (25.3) | 1.13 (0.84–1.53) | 1.30 (0.95–1.77) |
| >156–214 | 90 (20.3) | 216 (24.7) | 0.70 (0.50–0.97) | 0.79 (0.56–1.12) |
| >214–720 | 80 (18.0) | 218 (24.9) | 0.61 (0.43–0.87) | 0.83 (0.57–1.21) |
| P value for trendc | 0.0016/0.0060 | 0.33/0.28 | ||
| Coffee intensity (consumptions/day) | ||||
| 0–2.1 | 129 (29.1) | 223 (25.5) | 1 | 1 |
| >2.1–3.4 | 134 (30.2) | 215 (24.6) | 1.07 (0.79–1.45) | 1.16 (0.85–1.59) |
| >3.4–4.7 | 103 (23.2) | 218 (24.9) | 0.79 (0.57–1.10) | 0.92 (0.65–1.30) |
| >4.7–17.1 | 78 (17.6) | 219 (25.0) | 0.60 (0.42–0.85) | 0.80 (0.55–1.16) |
| P value for trendc | 0.0002/0.0020 | 0.10/0.12 | ||
| Alcohol consumption (consumption-years) | ||||
| Never drinkers | 104 (23.4) | 197 (22.5) | 1 | 1 |
| >0–21 | 93 (20.9) | 170 (19.4) | 1.05 (0.74–1.49) | 1.10 (0.75–1.60) |
| >21–48 | 99 (22.3) | 172 (19.6) | 1.10 (0.77–1.56) | 1.44 (0.99–2.11) |
| >48– | 80 (18.0) | 169 (19.3) | 0.87 (0.60–1.27) | 1.27 (0.84–1.91) |
| >87–457 | 68 (15.3) | 168 (19.2) | 0.75 (0.50–1.11) | 1.28 (0.82–1.98) |
| P value for trendc | 0.14/0.18 | 0.38/0.73 | ||
| Alcohol intensity (Consumptions/day) | ||||
| Never drinkers | 104 (23.4) | 197 (22.5) | 1 | 1 |
| >0–0.6 | 98 (22.1) | 169 (19.3) | 1.09 (0.77–1.55) | 1.23 (0.85–1.78) |
| >0.6–1.2 | 96 (21.6) | 169 (19.3) | 1.08 (0.76–1.55) | 1.37 (0.94–2.01) |
| >1.2–2 | 80 (18.0) | 172 (19.6) | 0.87 (0.60–1.26) | 1.21 (0.80–1.81) |
| >2–17.1 | 66 (14.9) | 169 (19.3) | 0.72 (0.48–1.06) | 1.13 (0.74–1.74) |
| P value for trendc | 0.021/0.042 | 0.92/0.70 | ||
| Regular binge drinking (>4 drinks/occasion) | ||||
| At age 20 (n = 1.320) | 130 (29.3) | 240 (27.4) | 1.14 (0.86–1.52) | 1.45 (1.07–1.96) |
| At age 40 (n = 1.305) | 118 (26.9) | 258 (29.8) | 0.85 (0.64–1.13) | 1.11 (0.82–1.49) |
| At age 60 (n = 888) | 53 (18.2) | 122 (20.4) | 0.84 (0.59–1.22) | 1.03 (0.70–1.51) |
Abbreviations: OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval.
a
Coffee consumption information was missing for one control, and was thus excluded in analyses including coffee consumption.
b
The adjusted model includes smoking and/or coffee consumption (in quartiles).
c
The first P value for trend was based on analyses with the exposure as a continuous variable including the persons from the reference category. The second P value for trend was based on analysis whereby the persons from the reference category are excluded.