Table 2.
Association between maternal C-reactive protein concentrations (modeled ≤, > 10 mg/l) and adverse maternal and child HIV-related outcomes.1
| Outcomes | Maternal CRP (mg/l) |
No. of Events/ No. at Risk (%) |
Age-adjusted Model2 | Multivariate Model3 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio (95% CI) |
P value | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) |
P value | |||
| Maternal Outcomes | ||||||
| Progression to stage 4 | ≤ 10 | 45/498 (9%) | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | 1.00 (Reference) | -- |
| > 10 | 11/90 (12%) | 1.99 (1.03–3.86) | 0.04 | 1.90 (0.94–3.81) | 0.07 | |
| Death from AIDS-related causes | ≤ 10 | 111/512 (22%) | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | 1.00 (Reference) | -- |
| > 10 | 31/94 (33%) | 1.88 (1.26–2.81) | 0.002 | 1.00 (0.63–1.59) | 0.99 | |
| Death from any cause | ≤ 10 | 147/512 (29%) | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | 1.00 (Reference) | -- |
| > 10 | 41/94 (44%) | 1.88 (1.33–2.66) | 0.0004 | 1.19 (0.80–1.77) | 0.38 | |
| Progression to stage 4 or death from AIDS-related causes | ≤ 10 | 136/498 (27%) | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | 1.00 (Reference) | -- |
| > 10 | 39/90 (43%) | 2.23 (1.56–3.19) | <0.0001 | 1.42 (0.94–2.12) | 0.10 | |
| Progression to stage 4 or death from any cause | ≤ 10 | 168/498 (34%) | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | 1.00 (Reference) | -- |
| > 10 | 49/90 (54%) | 2.26 (1.64–3.12) | <0.0001 | 1.55 (1.08–2.23) | 0.02 | |
| Child Outcomes | ||||||
| Mother to child transmission of HIV by age 2 | ≤ 10 | 145/470 (31%) | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | 1.00 (Reference) | -- |
| > 10 | 29/85 (34%) | 1.17 (0.71–1.91) | 0.54 | 0.84 (0.47–1.50) | 0.56 | |
| Death from any cause by age 2 | ≤ 10 | 82/475 (17%) | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | 1.00 (Reference) | -- |
| > 10 | 34/89 (38%) | 3.03 (1.85–4.96) | <0.0001 | 1.70 (0.86–3.34) | 0.13 | |
| Mother to child transmission HIV or death from any cause by age 2 | ≤ 10 | 172/475 (36%) | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | 1.00 (Reference) | -- |
| > 10 | 43/89 (48%) | 1.66 (1.05–2.62) | 0.03 | 0.94 (0.53–1.67) | 0.83 | |
CRP – C-reactive protein.
Maternal outcomes assessed using Cox proportional hazard models and child outcomes assessed using logistic regression models.
Univariate models adjusted for maternal age <25 years and vitamin trial regimen group.
Multivariate models adjusted for maternal age <25 years, vitamin trial regimen cohort, gestational age <20 weeks at enrollment, maternal education ≤ primary school, spending <500 TSh on food per day, BMI<18.5 kg/m2, middle upper arm circumference <22 cm, hemoglobin <11 g/dl, CD4 count categories (<200, 200–399, 400–599, 600–799, ≥800) cells/µl, and viral load categories (<25,000, 25,000–49,999, ≥50,000) copies/ml. Analyses for child outcomes were additionally adjusted for breastfeeding status at date of CRP sample (yes/no).