Table 3.
Risk of adverse maternal and child outcomes among 606 HIV-infected women by C-reactive protein quartiles.1
| Outcome | Maternal Quartile of CRP |
No. of Events/ No. at Risk (%) |
Age-adjusted model2 | Multivariate model3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio (95% CI) |
P value | P value for trend4 |
Hazard Ratio (95% CI) |
P value | P value for trend4 |
|||
| Maternal Outcome | ||||||||
| Progression to stage 4 | Lowest quartile | 13/146 (9%) | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | 0.14 | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | 0.15 |
| 2nd quartile | 11/150 (7%) | 0.92 (0.41–2.06) | 0.84 | 1.04 (0.42–2.62) | 0.92 | |||
| 3rd quartile | 17/146 (12%) | 1.59 (0.77–3.28) | 0.21 | 1.80 (0.81–3.96) | 0.15 | |||
| Highest quartile | 15/146 (10%) | 1.70 (0.80–3.61) | 0.17 | 2.49 (1.07–5.81) | 0.04 | |||
| Death from AIDS-related Causes | Lowest quartile | 24/150 (16%) | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | 0.013 | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | 0.67 |
| 2nd quartile | 39/153 (25%) | 1.74 (1.04–2.90) | 0.03 | 2.21 (1.26–3.88) | 0.006 | |||
| 3rd quartile | 37/151 (25%) | 1.74 (1.04–2.91) | 0.04 | 1.85 (1.04–3.27) | 0.04 | |||
| Highest quartile | 42/152 (28%) | 2.25 (1.36–3.73) | 0.002 | 1.35 (0.74–2.46) | 0.33 | |||
| Death from any cause | Lowest quartile | 33/150 (22%) | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | 0.0004 | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | 0.29 |
| 2nd quartile | 47/153 (31%) | 1.52 (0.97–2.37) | 0.07 | 1.98 (1.22–3.21) | 0.006 | |||
| 3rd quartile | 48/151 (32%) | 1.63 (1.04–2.54) | 0.03 | 1.64 (0.99–2.70) | 0.05 | |||
| Highest quartile | 60/152 (39%) | 2.32 (1.51–3.56) | 0.0001 | 1.73 (1.05–2.86) | 0.03 | |||
| Progression to stage 4 or death from AIDS-related causes | Lowest quartile | 32/146 (22%) | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | 0.0009 | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | 0.23 |
| 2nd quartile | 44/150 (29%) | 1.47 (0.93–2.32) | 0.10 | 1.85 (1.10–3.08) | 0.02 | |||
| 3rd quartile | 47/146 (32%) | 1.75 (1.11–2.75) | 0.02 | 2.01 (1.23–3.28) | 0.006 | |||
| Highest quartile | 52/146 (36%) | 2.32 (1.49–3.63) | 0.0002 | 1.88 (1.13–3.15) | 0.02 | |||
| Progression to stage 4 or death from any cause | Lowest quartile | 39/146 (27%) | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | <0.0001 | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | 0.02 |
| 2nd quartile | 51/150 (34%) | 1.39 (0.91–2.11) | 0.13 | 1.78 (1.12–2.83) | 0.02 | |||
| 3rd quartile | 58/146 (40%) | 1.74 (1.16–2.61) | 0.008 | 1.87 (1.20–2.93) | 0.006 | |||
| Highest quartile | 69/146 (47%) | 2.49 (1.68–3.71) | <0.0001 | 2.22 (1.40–3.50) | 0.0007 | |||
| Child Outcome | ||||||||
| Mother to child transmission of HIV by age 2 | Lowest quartile | 41/135 (30%) | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | 0.92 | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | 0.11 |
| 2nd quartile | 39/141 (28%) | 0.86 (0.51–1.46) | 0.58 | 0.82 (0.46–1.46) | 0.50 | |||
| 3rd quartile | 51/141 (36%) | 1.25 (0.75–2.09) | 0.39 | 1.19 (0.67–2.13) | 0.55 | |||
| Highest quartile | 43/138 (31%) | 1.07 (0.64–1.81) | 0.79 | 0.62 (0.33–1.16) | 0.14 | |||
| Death from any cause by age 2 | Lowest quartile | 25/137 (18%) | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | 0.003 | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | 0.64 |
| 2nd quartile | 23/142 (16%) | 0.84 (0.45–1.59) | 0.60 | 1.33 (0.54–3.28) | 0.54 | |||
| 3rd quartile | 26/143 (18%) | 0.99 (0.53–1.83) | 0.97 | 1.01 (0.40–2.51) | 0.99 | |||
| Highest quartile | 42/142 (30%) | 1.92 (1.08–3.41) | 0.03 | 1.26 (0.57–2.80) | 0.57 | |||
| Mother to child transmisstion of HIV or death from any cause by age 2 | Lowest quartile | 50/137 (37%) | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | 0.26 | 1.00 (Reference) | -- | 0.15 |
| 2nd quartile | 47/142 (33%) | 0.84 (0.51–1.39) | 0.50 | 0.93 (0.52–1.66) | 0.81 | |||
| 3rd quartile | 59/143 (41%) | 1.22 (0.75–1.98) | 0.44 | 1.16 (0.66–2.06) | 0.60 | |||
| Highest quartile | 59/142 (42%) | 1.28 (0.78–2.08) | 0.33 | 0.68 (0.37–1.26) | 0.22 | |||
CRP - C-reactive protein.
Range of CRP concentration (mg/l) by quartile: lowest quartile (0.02–0.62), 2nd quartile (0.63–1.94), 3rd quartile (1.95–5.16), highest quartile (5.17–351.6).
Maternal outcomes assessed using Cox proportional hazard models and child outcomes assessed using logistic regression models.
Univariate models adjusted for maternal age <25 years and vitamin trial regimen group.
Multivariate models adjusted for maternal age <25 years, vitamin trial regimen cohort, gestational age <20 weeks at enrollment, maternal education ≤ primary school, spending <500 TSh on food per day, BMI<18.5 kg/m2, middle upper arm circumference <22 cm, hemoglobin <11 g/dl, CD4 count categories (<200, 200–399, 400–599, 600799, ≥800) cells/µl, and viral load categories (<25,000, 25,000–49,999, ≥50,000) copies/ml. Analyses for child outcomes were additionally adjusted for breastfeeding status at date of CRP sample (yes/no).
P value for trend among CRP quartile medians (lowest quartile 0.335, 2nd quartile 1.14, 3rd quartile 2.96, highest quartile 18.175).