Table 2.
Demographic and cognitive profiles for each group.
| J1/E2 | E1/J2 | Control | Group Diff. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Age | 29.3 (6.4) | 26.2 (5.7) | 25.7 (5.3) | N.S. |
| Gender | 4M/11F | 4M/10F | 5M/11F | N.S. |
| Raven | 29.1 (5.8) | 27.3 (4.6) | 28.5 (7.2) | N.S. |
| WRAT-AC | 31.5 (5.5) | 37.0 (3.6) | 38.4 (3.5) | P < 0.01 |
| Kana-AC | 20.0 (0.0) | 18.1 (1.3) | N.A. | N.A. |
| Kana-RT | 35.6 (7.9) | 67.4 (22.0) | N.A. | P < 0.01 |
| Kanji-AC | 57.3 (2.6) | 22.2 (7.0) | N.A. | P < 0.01 |
J1/E2, Japanese L1/English L2 group; E1/J2, English L1/Japanese L2 group; Diff., Difference; SD, Standard Deviation; M, Male; F, Female; Raven, the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (max. = 36); WRAT, the Wide Range Achievement Test (max. = 44); AC, Accuracy (number correct out of the respective maximum scores); RT, Response Time; Kana, Kana Word Reading Test (max. = 20); Kanji, Kanji Word Reading Test (max. = 60).