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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Free Radic Biol Med. 2014 Jan 17;70:155–166. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.01.015

Figure 2.

Figure 2

CSE induces ROS and an Nrf2 signaling response. A) DHE assay showing dose dependent superoxide anion production by ARPE-19 cells after 0–250μg/ml CSE for 24h. B) Representative immunoblot of Nrf2 protein in nuclear extracts from ARPE-19 cells. Lamin B1 served as a loading control. Below, graph quantifying nuclear Nrf2 protein abundance. Data are presented as fold change over control. C) Gene expression of Nrf2-dependent antioxidant genes, GCLM, HO-1, and NQO1, as determined by RT-qPCR. D) Graph showing decreased cellular total glutathione after CSE compared to controls. E) Graph showing increased protein carbonylation after CSE compared to controls. *p<0.05, ** p< 0.01, ***, p<0.001 compared to control. For all assays, n=3 ind exp.