Table 1. Clinical symptoms reported in subjects with PARV4 infection.

Reference	Characteristics and location of subject(s) with PARV4 infectiona	Method of laboratory detection of PARV4 infection	Presenting clinical symptoms(s)
Benjamin et al., 2011 [21]	N = 2; children aged 2–3 years with suspected CNS infection; India.b	PARV4 DNA in CSF	Presumed encephalitis (fever and generalised convulsions).
Chen et al., 2011 [13]	N = 6; mother-infant pairs with nonimmune idiopathic hydrops in foetus; Taiwan.	Infants: five of six had PARV4 DNA in plasma.Mothers: four of six had PARV4 IgM; two of six had PARV4 IgG	Foetal hydrops (≥2 of ascites, pleural/pericardial effusion, skin oedema, polyhydramnios). Two of six babies died.
Drexler et al., 2012 [16]	N = 13; Children with respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms; Ghana.c	PARV4 DNA in nasal secretions (N = 8, median age 32 months) or faeces (N = 5, median age 43 months).	Upper/lower respiratory tract symptoms or gastrointestinal symptoms.
Jones et al., 2005 [1]	N = 1; homeless male IDU, Hepatitis B-positive, HIV-negative; United States.	PARV4 DNA in serum.	Fatigue, arthralgia, neck stiffness, pharyngitis, diarrhoea, vomiting, confusion, night sweats.
Sharp et al., 2012 [11]	N = 9; haemophilia patients aged 10–21 years seroconverting to PARV4 IgG positivity over a 5-year period (seven were already HIV-positive); HGDS cohort, US.	Conversion from PARV4 IgG negative to positive; two had transient positive PARV4 IgM. All were positive for PARV4 DNA in serum (viral titre <103–1010 copies/ml)	Rash in three subjects, unexplained hepatitis (but minimal disturbance of LFTs at the time of PARV4 IgG seroconversion).
Simmons et al., 2012 [9]	N = 193; subjects from Swiss HIV Cohort Study (www.shcs.ch/).	PARV4 IgG positive.	Early HIV-related symptoms (CDC-B symptoms).
Vallerini et al., 2008 [22]	N = 1; patient with Wegener's Granulomatosis on long-term steroid therapy; Italy.b	PARV4 DNA in serum.	Fever, anaemia (with erythroid hypoplasia on bone marrow biopsy), post-infectious glomerulonephritis, subsequent multiorgan failure.

Papers are listed in alphabetical order by first author.

^aDenominator presented is the number of individuals positive for PARV4 (extrapolated from total number of subjects studied in each paper), except for Simmons et al. [9], where denominator is number with HIV.

^bOther infectious causes of the clinical syndrome were excluded.

^cOther pathogens were also present which may have explained the clinical syndrome.

CNS = central nervous system; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid; IDU = injecting drug user; LFTs = liver function tests.