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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 May 2.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Kidney Dis. 2009 Dec 30;55(2):365–385. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.10.050

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Proposed paradigm of the mechanisms inducing neurotoxicity in diabetic patients with CKD.

Abbreviations: AGE, advanced glycation endproducts; CKD, chronic kidney disease; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; PARP: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; PKC: protein kinase C; PTH, parathyroid hormone; RNS: Reactive nitrogen species; ROS: Reactive oxygen species, GSH: glutathione; GSSG: oxidized glutathione; TCA, tetracylic antidepressant; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NADPH, reduced NADP; SDH, sorbitol dehygrogenase; PAI 1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1.

Adapted and reproduced from Edwards et al22 with permission of Elsevier.