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. 2014 May 2;4:4866. doi: 10.1038/srep04866

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Top view and side view of the low- and high-magnification SEM images of CDSFs formed on the silicon substrates without pretreatment (a_1–4) and with H₂SO₄/H₂O₂ pretreatment (b_1–4) showing the impeller-like helical architecture composed of several blades grown on the substrate. The molar composition of the synthesis gel was DNA (phosphate group):Mg²⁺:TMAPS:TEOS:H₂O = 1:1.5:6:15:18 000.