Table 1. Effect of formulation parameters on nanoparticulate characteristics.
| Formulation parameters selection (blank NP) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pH | 6.0 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 9.0 | 10.0 |
| Particle diameter (nm) | – | – | 251.7±3.1 | 118.9±3.9 | 115.8±4.8 |
| Yield (%) | – | – | 89.7±3.1 | 86.2±2.2 | 73.2±3.2 |
| Ethanol /BSA (v:v) | 1.5:1 | 2.5:1 | 3:1 | 4:1 | 5:1 |
| Particle diameter (nm) | – | 112.2±3.5 | 251.7±5.1 | 335.5±6.2 | 337.0±7.1 |
| Yield (%) | 57.9±3.5 | 82.5±6.6 | 83.3±4.8 | 85.1±5.9 | 84.2±6.2 |
| Cross-linking time | 4 h | 6 h | 12 h | 16 h | 18 h |
| Particle diameter (nm) | – | 124.5±3.2 | 136.7±5.5 | 165.6±6.9 | – |
| Yield (%) | – | 85.7±2.1 | 82.3±3.1 | 78.6±3.9 | – |
| GEM loading methods selection | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct loading | Indirect adsorption | Combination | |||
| Particle diameter (nm) | 312.6±5.4 | 267.6±5.1 | 305.7±7.3 | ||
| Encapsulation rate (%) | 73.2±1.9 | 77.2±2.1 | 85.3±1.7 | ||
| Drug loading (%) | 5.0±0.2 | 7.2±0.3 | 8.2±0.5 | ||
| Release time | 12 h | 3 h | 12 h | ||
| Single factor investigations | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BSA concentration | – | 1% | 2% | 3% | 4% |
| Particle diameter (nm) | – | 132.1±7.1 | 189.7±8.6 | 258.7±17.6 | – |
| GEM concentration | – | 10% | 15% | 20% | 30% |
| Particle diameter (nm) | – | 164.6±8.1 | 189.6±10.1 | 232.8±14.5 | 276.7±8.6 |
| Glutaraldehyde | 50% | 100% | 200% | 300% | 400% |
| Particle diameter (nm) | 190.2±3.2 | 210.3±5.9 | 212.6±7.2 | 219.7±3.7 | – |
| Yield (%) | 82.1±1.2 | 88.7±1.9 | 86.7±0.8 | 78.2±0.9 | 74.1±1.7 |