Table 6. P value of tests for population stratification and within-family association between VDR, ESR1 genotypes and peak BMD. BMD values were adjusted by significant covariate effects of age, height and weight. Bold indicates significant P values (P<0.05).

	ApaI	FokI	CDX2	PvuII	XbaI
Tests of population stratification
Lumber spine BMD	0.478	0.728	0.725	0.873	0.450
Femoral neck BMD	0.935	0.504	0.187	0.177	0.621
Total hip BMD	0.554	0.428	0.288	0.457	1.000
Test of total association
Lumber spine BMD	0.175	0.973	0.241	0.008	0.040
Femoral neck BMD	0.932	0.279	0.497	0.006	0.105
Total hip BMD	0.544	0.937	0.634	0.016	0.107
Test of within-family association
Lumber spine BMD	0.969	0.776	0.817	0.255	0.098
Femoral neck BMD	0.911	0.947	0.381	0.919	0.752
Total hip BMD	0.822	0.517	0.472	0.608	0.446
P 1000 permutation of within-family association
Lumber spine BMD	0. 964	0.774	0.766	0.195	0. 079
Femoral neck BMD	0.902	0.943	0.354	0.907	0.782
Total hip BMD	0.801	0.531	0.469	0. 634	0. 485