Methods	RCT: 2 parallel groups.
	Unit of randomization: individual.
Participants	Dates of data collection: not specified.
	Setting: Durban, South Africa.
	Inclusion criteria: all patients undergoing CS.
	Exclusion criteria: women with pre-existing UTI.
Interventions	Ampicillin 500 mg IM pre-operatively and 8 hourly for 48 hours followed by 500 mg orally 8 hourly for 4 days (N = 150) vs no treatment for first 48 hours then oral placebo 8 hourly for 4 days (N = 150)
Outcomes	UTI (culture positive), intra-uterine infection not defined further, classified as endometri-tis), wound infection
Notes	Fewer postpartum urinary isolates in treated group were sensitive to ampicillin (8/17 vs 18/26).
	In the control group, 3 women developed pelvic abscesses (included as serious morbidity) and 1 patient required hysterectomy for secondary postpartum haemorrhage following severe E. coli intrauterine infection
	Class of antibiotic: aminopenicillin (ampicillin).
	Subgroups:
	type of CS unclear; before cord clamping.
Risk of bias
Item	Authors’ judgement	Description
Adequate sequence generation?	Unclear	“on a random basis.”
		Method not described.
Allocation concealment?	Unclear	Insufficient information to judge.
Blinding?	Unclear	Partly placebo controlled: “an oral placebo was given after 48 hours”
All outcomes
		Insufficient information to judge whether there was blinding of study personnel
Incomplete outcome data addressed?	Yes	No loss of participants to follow up.
All outcomes		No participant excluded after randomization.
		ITT analysis.
Free of selective reporting?	Unclear	Insufficient information to judge.
Free of other bias?	Unclear	insufficient information to judge.
Overall low risk of bias?	Unclear	Mostly unclear.