Methods	Quasi-RCT; 2 parallel groups.
	Unit of randomization: individual.
Participants	Dates of data collection: not reported.
	Setting: New York Medical College, New York, US.
	Inclusion criteria: all women undergoing CS (divided into “no labor” and “labor” groups which correspond to the definitions of elective/non-elective used in this review
	Exclusion criteria: fever, antibiotic use within 2 weeks, ruptured membranes > 2 hours, major penicillin allergy
Interventions	Cephalothin 2 g IV and kanamycin 1 g IM at induction of anesthesia, then cephalothin 2 g IV q6hrs × 8 doses and kanamycin 500 mg IM q12 hr × 4 doses (N = 47) vs no treatment (N = 53)
Outcomes	Febrile morbidity (temperature greater that 100.4°F orally on 2 consecutive days, excluding the first post-operative day); endometritis (fever, uterine tenderness and positive culture or fever and pathogenic organism); UTI, wound infection (fever and cellulitis or exudate). Data available on elective (defined as no labor) and non-elective (defined as presence of labor)
Notes	No difference in average duration of hospital stay between groups (data not shown).
	1 woman (treatment group) developed endometritis with organism resistant to cephalothin and kanamycin
	Class of antibiotic: first generation cephalosporin and animoglycoside
	Subgroups: both elective and non-elective CS - data separated by elective and non-elective; before cord clamping.
Risk of bias
Item	Authors’ judgement	Description
Adequate sequence generation?	No	Randomized “…using the last digit of their hospital chart number” to treatment or no treatment
Allocation concealment?	No	“…using the last digit of their hospital chart number.”
Blinding?	No	Not placebo controlled.
All outcomes		No further information provided.
Incomplete outcome data addressed?	Yes	No loss to follow up.
All outcomes		No participants excluded.
		ITT analysis.
Free of selective reporting?	Unclear	Insufficient information to judge.
Free of other bias?	Unclear	The 2 groups were comparable regarding age, parity, ethnic background or type of anesthesia. There was insufficient other information which to judge
Overall low risk of bias?	No	Quasi-RCT suggests high risk of bias.