Table 2.

Effects of Ionizing and Non-ionizing Irradiation on Expression and Activity of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

Species	Enzyme	Category	Effectors	Model; method used	Effects	Remarks	References
Mice	CPR (cytochrome P450 reductase)	Environmental impact	γ-radiation, γ-rays	whole body irradiation, different doses of gamma-rays at 1.38 Gy/min, liver; activity	activity increased up to 5 Gy (to 125%) and decreased thereafter (to 105% after 9 Gy)	administration of phenothiazines enhanced the radiation effect at lower doses providing the radioprotective action	[55]
Mice	CYB5 (cytochrome b5)	Environmental impact	γ-radiation, γ-rays	whole body irradiation, different doses of gamma-rays at 1.38 Gy/min, liver; activity	holoprotein increased up to 5 Gy (to 120%) and decreased thereafter (to 83% with 9 Gy)	administration of phenothiazines enhanced the radiation effect at lower doses providing radioprotective action	[55]
Mice	CYB5R (cytochrome b5 reductase)	Environmental impact	γ-radiation, γ-rays	whole body irradiation, different doses of γ-rays at 1.38 Gy/min, liver; activity	activity enhanced up to 3 Gy (to 125%)and decreased thereafter (to 104% after 9 Gy)	administration of phenothiazines did not affect radiation effect	[55]
Mice	CYP	Clinical impact	γ-radiation, γ-rays	whole body irradiation of mice with Ehrlich solid tumors with different doses of gamma rays (0–9 Gy) at a dose rate of 0.0153 Gy/s, solid tumor, microsomal fractions; content measured as CO difference spectrum	increase of content with dose up to 6 Gy and decreased thereafter		[56]
Mice	CYP	Environmental impact	γ-radiation, γ-rays	whole body irradiation, different doses of gamma-rays at 1.38 Gy/min, liver; activity	holoprotein enhanced up to 5 Gy (to 119%) and decreased thereafter (to 108% after 9 Gy)	administration of phenothiazines enhanced the radiation effect at lower doses providing the radioprotective action	[55]
Human	CYP	Clinical impact	Ionizing irradiation	fractionated irradiation, ADF human astrocytoma cell line treated with 5 Gy for 4 consecutive days; immunoblotting, microarray analysis	upregulation of gene expression	suggested role in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation	[64]
Rat	CYP	Clinical impact	Ionizing irradiation	preliminary radiation-exposed, transplanted Guerin’s carcinoma, liver, microsomes; activity	decreased activity in the latent and logarithmic phases of oncogenesis, no effect on terminal stages of Guerin’s carcinoma growth		[57]
Human	CYP	Environmental impact	Radioactivity-contaminated areas	placental samples at term, microsomes; 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (ECOD)	enhanced ECOD activity	ECOD activity was 7-fold and 2-fold higher compared to the region considered to be “clean”; increased formation of reactive metabolites suggested	[54]
Rat	CYP	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	short-term (3 and 30 days) and long-term (3–24 months) treatment with neutron-activated UO2 particles (9.3 kBq), liver microsomes; testosterone 7α- and 15α-hydroxylase activity	decreased activity by 30% (7α-) at 3 days treatment, at 30 days after treatment activity enhanced by 70% (7α-) and 40% (15α-)		[58]
Rat	CYP	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	long-term (3–24 months) treatment with neutron-activated UO2 particles (9.3 kBq, cumulated lung dose 0.4–0.66 Gy, 131 and 182 kBq ), lung, liver; testosterone 7β-, 6α-, and 16α-hydroxylase activity	at the 1.5-year treatment decreases in lung testosterone 6β-hydroxylase (60%) and testosterone 6α-hydroxylase (30%) activities, hepatic testosterone 16α-hydroxylase activity decreased by 60–75% with both non-activated and neutron-activated particles		[58]
Human	CYP	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	cultures of fibrobroblasts in a collagen matrix as the dermal component and keratinocytes as the epidermal component, UVB irradiation; calcitriol formation from 7-dehydrocholesterol, HPLC, GC-MS	wavelength- and dose dependent ultraviolet-B-triggered conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to calcitriol observed		[10,11]
Rat	CYP	Clinical impact	X-rays	preliminary radiation-exposed rats with Guerin’s carcinoma, liver, microsomal fraction; activity	activity reduced		[57]
Human	CYP19A1 (Aromatase)	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	keratinocytes, combined UVA and UVB irradiation, microsomes; gel electrophoresis, RT-PCR	slight induction of mRNA expression		[8]
Zebrafish	CYP1A	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	embryos exposed for varying time of UVA plus UVB, or UVB alone on two consecutive days; spectophotometry, RT-PCR	increase of mRNA expression		[9]
Zebrafish	CYP1A	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	embryos exposed for varying time of UVA on two consecutive days; spectophotometry, RT-PCR	no effect on mRNA expression		[9]
Zebrafish	CYP1A	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	larvae exposed to single 8-h long UVB exposure; spectophotometry, RT-PCR	increase of mRNA expression		[9]
Rat	CYP1A1	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	chronically exposed to depleted uranium (as uranyl nitrate) in drinking water, 1 mg/(rat day) for 9 months, brain, liver, lung, kidney, intestine; RT-PCR	no change in expression of mRNA		[60]
Human	CYP1A1	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	keratinocytes, UVB irradiation; immunohistochemistry, semiquantitative RT-PCR, immunoblotting	induction of mRNA and protein		[61]
Human	CYP1A1	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	hepatoma cell line HepG2, UVB irradiation; immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, immunoblotting, 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole metabolism	initial repression (3 hours after treatment) and induction of mRNA following prolonged treatment (9 hours after treatment), inhibition of activity		[63]
Human	CYP1A1	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	keratinocytes, UVB irradiation; RT-PCR	induction of mRNA and protein	induction was higher in the presence of tryptophan	[62]
Human	CYP1A1	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	primary human blood lymphocytes, UVB irradiation; immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, immunoblotting	induction of mRNA and protein	induction was higher in the presence of tryptophan	[62]
Mice	CYP1A1	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	Hepa-1 cells, UVB irradiation; immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, immunoblotting	induction of mRNA and protein		[62]
Rat	CYP1A1	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	liver, UVB irradiation; EROD activity	induction of activity		[65]
Rat	CYP1A2	Environmental impact	Gamma radiation, Gamma-rays	whole body irradiation of 3 gray (G) at a dosage rate of 12.5 cG/min from a 60Co radiation source, liver, microsomes; immunoblotting, mRNA blotting	no change in the mRNA expression at 24 h		[66]
Rat	CYP1A2	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	uranyl nitrate solution injected once via the tail vein (5 mg/kg), plasma, liver, microsomes; chlorzoxazone pharmacokinetics i.v., microsomal metabolism, immunoblotting, mRNA blotting	no change of protein or mRNA expression	induced acute renal failure observed	[67,68,69,70,71]
Human	CYP1B1	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	keratinocytes, UVB irradiation; immunohistochemistry, semiquantitative RT-PCR, immunoblotting	induction of mRNA and protein	connected with enhanced bioactivation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other environmental pollutants	[61]
Zebrafish	CYP1B1	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	embryos exposed for varying time of UVB on two consecutive days; spectophotometry, RT-PCR	increase of mRNA expression		[9]
Zebrafish	CYP1B1	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	larvae exposed to single 8-h long UVB exposure; spectophotometry, RT-PCR	increase of mRNA expression		[9]
Zebrafish	CYP1C1	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	larvae exposed to single 8-h long UVB exposure; spectophotometry, RT-PCR	no effect on mRNA expression		[9]
Zebrafish	CYP1C2	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	larvae exposed to single 8-h long UVB exposure; spectophotometry, RT-PCR	no effect on mRNA expression		[9]
Zebrafish	CYP1D1	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	larvae exposed to single 8-h long UVB exposure; spectophotometry, RT-PCR	no effect on mRNA expression		[9]
Rat	CYP24A1	Environmental impact	Cesium contamination	chronic exposure with post-accidental doses of 137Cs in drinking water for 3 months, at a dose of 6500 Bq/l (150 Bq/rat/day), kidney; RT-PCR, activity ([4-14C]cholesterol as substrate)	no significant change of mRNA expression		[72]
Rat	CYP24A1	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	single acute depleted uranium (as uranyl nitrate) intragastric administration (204 mg/kg body weight dissolved in 1.5 ml), kidney; RT-PCR	no change in expression of mRNA	contamination by short-term exposure to depleted uranium	[73]
Rat	CYP24A1	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	chronic contamination for 9 months by depleted uranium (uranyl nitrate) through drinking water of dose 1 mg/rat/day, brain, mitochondria; RT-PCR	mRNA not detected	dose corresponds to the double of highest concentration found naturally in Finland	[74]
Rat	CYP24A1	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	chronic contamination for 9 months by depleted uranium (uranyl nitrate) through drinking water of dose 1 mg/rat/day, kidney, mitochondria; RT-PCR	decreased mRNA expression by 38%,	dose corresponds to the double of highest concentration found naturally in Finland	[74]
Rat	CYP24R1	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	chronic contamination for 9 months by depleted uranium (uranyl nitrate) through drinking water of dose 1 mg/rat/day, liver, mitochondria; RT-PCR	no change of mRNA level expression	dose corresponds to the double of highest concentration found naturally in Finland	[74]
Rat	CYP27A1	Environmental impact	Cesium contamination	chronic exposure with post-accidental doses of 137Cs in drinking water for 3 months, at a dose of 6500 Bq/l (150 Bq/rat/day), liver, mitochondria; quantitative RT-PCR, [4-14C]Cholesterol 27-hydroxyation activity	no significant change of mRNA expression, increase of activity by 34%		[37,72,96]
Rat	CYP27A1	Environmental impact	Cesium contamination	chronic exposure with post-accidental doses of 137Cs in drinking water for 3 months, at a dose of 6500 Bq/l (150 Bq/rat/day), brain; RT-PCR	no significant change of mRNA expression		[72]
Rat	CYP27A1	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	single acute depleted uranium (as uranyl nitrate) intragastric administration (204 mg/kg body weight dissolved in 1.5 ml), liver, mitochondria; RT-PCR, [4-14C]Cholesterol 27-hydroxyation activity	no gross modifications in the expression, activity decreased at day 1 days and increased (threefold) at day 3 after treatment		[73]
Rat	CYP27A1	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	single depleted uranium (as uranyl nitrate) subcutaneous administration, sublethal toxic dose of 11.5 mg/kg, liver, mitochondria; [4-14C]cholesterol 27-hydroxylation activity	activity quintupled at day 1 after treatment and then returned to levels similar to controls at day 3		[59]
Rat	CYP27A1	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	chronic contamination for 9 months by depleted uranium (uranyl nitrate) through drinking water of dose 1 mg/rat/day, brain, mitochondria; RT-PCR	decreased mRNA level expression by 32%, activity decreased at day 1 days and increased (threefold) at day 3 after treatment	dose corresponds to the double of highest concentration found naturally in Finland	[74]
Rat	CYP27A1	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	chronic contamination for 9 months by depleted uranium (uranyl nitrate) through drinking water of dose 1 mg/rat/day, liver, mitochondria; RT-PCR, [4-14C] cholesterol 27-hydroxyastion activity	no change of mRNA level expression or activity	dose corresponds to the double of highest concentration found naturally in Finland	[74]
Rat	CYP27B1	Environmental impact	Cesium contamination	chronic exposure with post-accidental doses of 137Cs in drinking water for 3 months, at a dose of 6500 Bq/l (150 Bq/rat/day), brain; RT-PCR	increase of mRNA expression by 35%		[72]
Rat	CYP27B1	Environmental impact	Cesium contamination	chronic exposure with post-accidental doses of 137Cs in drinking water for 3 months, at a dose of 6500 Bq/l (150 Bq/rat/day), kidney; RT-PCR	no significant change of mRNA expression		[72]
Rat	CYP27B1	Environmental impact	Cesium contamination	newborn rats chronically exposed with post-accidental doses of 137Cs in drinking water durin lactation period, at a dose of 6500 Bq/l (150 Bq/rat/day), liver, kidney; RT-PCR	decrease of mRNA expression (by 39%)		[75]
Rat	CYP27B1	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	single acute depleted uranium (as uranyl nitrate) intragastric administration (204 mg/kg body weight dissolved in 1.5 ml), kidney; RT-PCR	increase of mRNA expression at days 1 and 3 after treatment (11- and 4-fold respectively)		[73]
Rat	CYP27B1	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	chronic contamination for 9 months by depleted uranium (uranyl nitrate) through drinking water of dose 1 mg/rat/day, kidney, mitochondria; RT-PCR	no change of mRNA level expression	dose corresponds to the double of highest concentration found naturally in Finland	[74]
Rat	CYP2A	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	chronically exposed to depleted uranium (as uranyl nitrate) in drinking water, 1 mg/(rat day) for 9 months, liver microsomes; testosterone 7α-hydroxylase activity	no change in hepatic activity		[60]
Rat	CYP2B	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	chronically exposed to depleted uranium (as uranyl nitrate) in drinking water, 1 mg/(rat day) for 9 months, liver microsomes; testosterone 16α-hydroxylase activity	no change in hepatic activity		[60]
Rat	CYP2B	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	liver, UVB irradiation; ADM activity	no change of activity		[65]
Rat	CYP2B1	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	uranyl nitrate solution injected once via the tail vein (5 mg/kg), liver, microsomes; Western blotting, Northern blotting	no change of protein or mRNA expression	induced acute renal failure observed	[67,68,69,70,71]
Rat	CYP2B1	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	chronically exposed to depleted uranium (as uranyl nitrate) in drinking water, 1 mg/(rat day) for 9 months, brain, liver, lung, kidney, intestine; RT-PCR	increase of mRNA expression in kidney		[60]
Rat	CYP2B2	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	uranyl nitrate solution injected once via the tail vein (5 mg/kg), liver, microsomes; immunoblotting, mRNA blotting	no change of protein or mRNA expression	induced acute renal failure observed	[67,68,69,70,71]
Rat	CYP2C	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	chronically exposed to depleted uranium (as uranyl nitrate) in drinking water, 1 mg/(rat day) for 9 months, liver microsomes; testosterone 2α-hydroxylase activity	no change in hepatic activity		[60]
Rat	CYP2C11	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	uranyl nitrate solution injected once via the tail vein (5 mg/kg), liver, microsomes; immunoblotting, mRNA blotting	decrease of protein level to 20% and mRNA expression to 25% of control	induced acute renal failure observed	[67,68,69,70,71]
Mice	CYP2E1	Environmental impact	Fast neutron irradiation	whole body fast neutron irradiation of 0, 0.25, 1, 2, 4 and 8 Gy, liver samples, hepatocytes; histopathology, immunohistochemistry	dose-dependent increase of protein expression		[78]
Mice	CYP2E1	Environmental impact	γ-radiation, γ-rays	low doses of continuous γ-radiation, liver;	decreased mRNA expression and protein levels		[79]
Mice	CYP2E1	Environmental impact	γ-radiation, γ-rays	low doses of acute γ-radiation, liver;	increased protein level, decreased mRNA expression		[79]
Mice	CYP2E1	Environmental impact	γ-radiation, γ-rays	high doses of acute γ-radiation, liver;	decreased protein level, decreased mRNA expression		[79]
Mice	CYP2E1	Environmental impact	γ-radiation, γ-rays	low intensity gamma-radiation and ethanol combined administration, liver;	protein level increased in the first week, back to normal on second week	changes of CYP2E1 protein amount at the end of the fifth week accompanied by a decrease of CYP2E1 mRNA level	[80]
Rat	CYP2E1	Environmental impact	γ-radiation, γ-rays	whole body irradiation of 3 gray (G) at a dosage rate of 12.5 cG:min from a 60Co radiation source, liver; immunoblotting, mRNA blotting	increased mRNA (3.6-fold) and protein (2.5-fold) expression at 24 h		[66]
Rat	CYP2E1	Environmental impact	γ-radiation, γ-rays	whole body irradiation of 3 gray (G) at a dosage rate of 12.5 cG/min from a 60Co radiation source; chlorzoxazone pharmacokinetics i.v.	significantly greater plasma concentration-time curve and the amount of 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone excreted in 8 h urine		[66]
Rat	CYP2E1	Environmental impact	γ-radiation, γ-rays	whole body irradiation of 0.5–1 gray (G) at a dosage rate of 12.5 cG/min from a 60Co radiation source, liver, microsomes; immunoblotting, mRNA blotting	no change of mRNA expression		[66]
Rat	CYP2E1	Environmental impact	γ-radiation, γ-rays	whole body irradiation of 3–9 gray (G) at a dosage rate of 12.5 cG/min from a 60Co radiation source, liver microsomes	small but significant increase mRNA expression at 24 h than those irradiated at a single dose of 3 G g-rays	liver injury observed	[66]
Rat	CYP2E1	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	uranyl nitrate solution injected once via the tail vein (5 mg/kg), plasma, liver, microsomes; chlorzoxazone CZX pharmacokinetics i.v., microsomal metabolism, immunoblotting, mRNA blotting	increase of protein level 2.3 times and mRNA expression 3 times, increase of activity	induced acute renal failure, subcutaneous injection of rHGH for one day on the fourth day after uranyl nitrate or glucose (dissolved drinking water for 5 days) reduced the expression of CYP2E1	[67,68,69,70,71]
Rat	CYP2R1	Environmental impact	Cesium contamination	chronic exposure with post-accidental doses of 137Cs in drinking water for 3 months, at a dose of 6500 Bq/l (150 Bq/rat/day), liver; RT-PCR	increase of mRNA expression (by 40%)		[72]
Rat	CYP2R1	Environmental impact	Cesium contamination	chronic exposure with post-accidental doses of 137Cs in drinking water for 3 months, at a dose of 6500 Bq/l (150 Bq/rat/day), brain; RT-PCR	decrease of mRNA expression (by 20%)		[72]
Rat	CYP2R1	Environmental impact	Cesium contamination	newborn rats chronically exposed with post-accidental doses of 137Cs in drinking water during lactation period, at a dose of 6500 Bq/l (150 Bq/rat/day), liver, kidney; RT-PCR	decrease of mRNA expression (by 26%)		[75]
Rat	CYP2R1	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	single acute depleted uranium (as uranyl nitrate) intragastric administration (204 mg/kg body weight dissolved in 1.5 ml), liver, mitochondria; RT-PCR, activity ([4-14C]cholesterol as substrate)	no gross modifications in the expression, slight increase of mRNA expression at day 3 after treatment		[73]
Rat	CYP3A	Environmental impact	γ-radiation, γ-rays	whole body irradiation of 3 gray (G) at a dosage rate of 12.5 cG/min from a 60Co radiation source, liver, microsomes; immunoblotting, mRNA blotting	no change in the mRNA expression at 24 h		[66]
Rat	CYP3A	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	chronically exposed to depleted (as uranyl nitrate) in drinking water, 1 mg/(rat day) for 9 months, liver microsomes; testosterone 6β-hydroxylation activity	no change in hepatic activity		[60]
Rat	CYP3A	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	single subcutaneous administration of depleted uranium, sublethal toxic dose of 11.5 mg/kg, liver, microsomes; testosterone 6β-hydroxylation activity	decrease of activity at day 1 but returned to levels similar to controls at day 3		[59]
Rat	CYP3A	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	liver, UVB irradiation; EMDM activity	no change of activity		[65]
Rat	CYP3A	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	skin, AVA and UVB irradiation; EROD activity	induction of activity		[65]
Rat	CYP3A1	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	chronically exposed to depleted (as uranyl nitrate) in drinking water, 1 mg/(rat day) for 9 months, brain, liver, lung, kidney, intestine; RT-PCR	increase of mRNA expression in brain, liver, and kidney	stimulatory effect might lead to hepatic or extrahepatic toxicity (or both) during drug treatment	[60]
Rat	CYP3A1	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	single subcutaneous administration of depleted uranium (as uranyl nitrate) sublethal toxic dose of 11.5 mg/kg, liver, microsomes; RT-PCR	increase in expression of mRNA 3 days after treatment, no change at day1		[59]
Rat	CYP3A2	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	chronically exposed to depleted (as uranyl nitrate) in drinking water, 1 mg/(rat day) for 9 months, brain, liver, lung, kidney, intestine; RT-PCR	increase of mRNA expression in lungs and liver	stimulatory effect might lead to hepatic or extrahepatic toxicity (or both) during drug treatment	[60]
Rat	CYP3A2	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	single subcutaneous administration of depleted uranium (as uranyl nitrate) sublethal toxic dose of 11.5 mg/kg, liver, microsomes; RT-PCR	no change in expression of mRNA		[59]
Rat	CYP3A2	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	uranyl nitrate solution injected once via the tail vein (5 mg/kg), liver, microsomes; immunoblotting, mRNA blotting	no change of protein or mRNA expression	induced acute renal failure observed	[68,71]
Rat	CYP3A23	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	uranyl nitrate solution injected once via the tail vein (5 mg/kg), liver, microsomes; immunoblotting, mRNA blotting	increase of protein level 4 times, no change of mRNA expression	induced acute renal failure observed	[67,68,69,70]
Rat	CYP46A1	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	chronic contamination for 9 months by depleted uranium (uranyl nitrate) through drinking water of dose 1 mg/rat/day, brain; RT-PCR	increase of mRNA expression by 39%	dose corresponds to the double of highest concentration found naturally in Finland	[36]
Human	CYP4A11	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	keratinocytes, UVA irradiation, microsomes; gel electrophoresis, RT-PCR, immunoblotting, thin-layer chromatography	mRNA expression detected	mRNA was not detected in any keratinocyte preparations under control conditions, proposed that CYP4A11 may participate in the defense mechanism against UVA-induced oxidative damage	[8]
Human	CYP4A11	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	keratinocytes, combined UVA and UVB or UVA irradiation, microsomes; gel electrophoresis, RT-PCR, immunoblotting, thin layer chromatography	induction of mRNA and protein	mRNA was not detected in any keratinocyte preparations under control conditions, proposed that CYP4A11 may participate in the defense mechanism against UVA-induced oxidative damage	[8]
Human	CYP4A11	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	keratinocytes, UVB irradiation, microsomes; gel electrophoresis, RT-PCR	mRNA not detected		[8]
Rat	CYP7A1	Environmental impact	Cesium contamination	chronic exposure with post-accidental doses of 137Cs in drinking water for 3 months, at a dose of 6500 Bq/l (150 Bq/rat/day), liver, microsomes; quantitative RT-PCR, activity with [4-14C]Cholesterol as substrate	no change in expression of mRNA and activity		[37,96]
Rat	CYP7A1	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	single subcutaneous administration of depleted uranium (as uranyl nitrate) sublethal toxic dose of 11.5 mg/kg, liver, microsomes; [4-14C]cholesterol 7α-hydroxyase activity	no significant change in the activity		[59]
Rice	CYP84A	Environmental impact	UV irradiation	UVB or UVC irradiation on 1- and 2-week-old plants for 6 hours; semiquantitative RT-PCR	increase of gene expression under UVB and UVC irradiation	protection against damage due to UV irradiation proposed	[76]
Rat	CYP27A1	Environmental impact	Cesium contamination	chronic exposure with post-accidental doses of 137Cs in drinking water for 9 months, at a dose of 6500 Bq/l (150 Bq/rat/day), brain; RT-PCR	decrease of mRNA expression	plasma profile, and brain and liver cholesterol concentrations were unchanged	[77]
Rat	CYP7A1	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	low-level chronic ingestion of depleted uranium in drinking water for 9 months, 40 mg/kg, liver; RT-PCR, specific activity	decrease of the activity		[39]
Rat	CYP7B1	Environmental impact	Uranium contamination	low-level chronic ingestion of depleted uranium in drinking water for 9 months, 40 mg/kg, liver; RT-PCR, specific activity	decrease of expression		[39]