Table 1.
Baseline Participant Characteristics
| All Subjects |
Annualized 25-OH Vitamin D (ng/ml) |
Parathyroid hormone (pg/ml) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <20.0 | 20.0–29.9 | ≥30.0 | Tertile 1 <32.8 |
Tertile 2 32.8–43.7 |
Tertile 3 43.8–65.0 |
>65.0 | ||
| Number of Subjects | 2,707 | 816 | 973 | 918 | 806 | 808 | 808 | 285 |
| Age (years) | 60.1 (9.4) | 58.6 (9.2) | 60.3 (9.4) | 61.3 (9.3) | 58.8 (9.2) | 59.6 (9.5) | 61.3 (9.3) | 61.9 (9.2) |
| Female sex (%) | 1449 (53.5) | 459 (56.3) | 481 (49.4) | 509 (55.5) | 429 (53.2) | 415 (51.4) | 429 (53.1) | 176 (61.8) |
| Ethnicity (%) | ||||||||
| White | 1070 (39.5) | 145 (17.8) | 388 (39.9) | 537 (58.5) | 395 (49.0) | 328 (40.6) | 276 (34.2) | 71 (24.9) |
| Black | 691 (25.5) | 406 (49.8) | 194 (19.9) | 91 (9.9) | 127 (15.8) | 189 (23.4) | 259 (32.1) | 116 (40.7) |
| Chinese | 392 (14.5) | 93 (11.4) | 176 (18.1) | 123 (13.4) | 155 (19.2) | 138 (17.1) | 86 (10.6) | 13 (4.6) |
| Hispanic | 554 (20.5) | 172 (21.1) | 215 (22.1) | 167 (18.2) | 129 (16.0) | 153 (18.9) | 187 (23.1) | 85 (29.8) |
| Blood pressure parameters (mmHg) | ||||||||
| SBP | 123.7 (20.1) | 125.8 (20.9) | 123.5 (20.0) | 122.0 (19.4) | 119.6 (19.0) | 121.7 (18.9) | 127.0 (20.5) | 131.3 (22.0) |
| DBP | 71.7 (10.1) | 73.1 (10.2) | 71.7 (10.0) | 70.5 (9.9) | 70.6 (9.6) | 71.3 (10.0) | 72.7 (10.2) | 73.3 (10.8) |
| Hypertension (%) | 1160 (42.9) | 376 (46.1) | 426 (43.8) | 358 (39.0) | 277 (34.4) | 323 (40.0) | 398 (49.3) | 162 (56.8) |
| HTN meds (%) | 896 (33.1) | 295 (36.2) | 330 (33.9) | 271 (29.5) | 212 (26.3) | 258 (31.9) | 304 (37.7) | 122 (42.8) |
| Diabetes mellitus status (%) | ||||||||
| IFG | 329 (12.2) | 120 (14.7) | 122 (12.6) | 87 (9.5) | 86 (10.7) | 95 (11.8) | 109 (13.5) | 39 (13.7) |
| Untreated | 43 (1.6) | 14 (1.7) | 25 (2.6) | 4 (0.4) | 12 (1.5) | 8 (1.0) | 18 (2.2) | 5 (1.8) |
| Treated | 200 (7.4) | 76 (9.3) | 83 (8.5) | 41 (4.5) | 68 (8.5) | 53 (6.6) | 54 (6.7) | 25 (8.8) |
| Lipid Levels (mg/dL) | ||||||||
| Total cholesterol | 194.1 (34.8) | 193.4 (36.6) | 192.8 (34.3) | 196.0 (33.6) | 195.1 (34.9) | 193.1 (34.7) | 195.2 (34.4) | 190.5 (35.7) |
| LDL-C | 117.1 (30.4) | 118.7 (32.5) | 116.5 (29.9) | 116.3 (29.1) | 117.3 (29.3) | 116.8 (30.8) | 118.3 (30.5) | 114.1 (32.4) |
| HDL-C | 51.6 (15.3) | 50.3 (14.7) | 50.1 (14.7) | 54.3 (16.0) | 51.8 (14.6) | 50.8 (15.0) | 51.7 (15.9) | 52.8 (16.1) |
| Triglycerides | 127.7 (81.2) | 122.3 (88.9) | 132.0 (78.0) | 128.1 (77.2) | 130.1 (78.7) | 128.3 (90.2) | 128.6 (79.7) | 117.1 (63.3) |
| Lipid-lowering meds (%) | 421 (15.6) | 109 (13.4) | 157 (16.1) | 155 (16.9) | 112 (13.9) | 118 (14.6) | 135 (16.7) | 56 (19.7) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.8 (5.0) | 29.2 (5.3) | 27.7 (4.8) | 26.5 (4.4) | 26.5 (4.5) | 27.6 (4.8) | 28.5 (5.0) | 29.7 (5.7) |
| Waist (cm) | 96.4 (13.7) | 99.4 (14.0) | 96.7 (13.7) | 93.3 (12.6) | 93.0 (12.9) | 95.8 (13.4) | 98.5 (13.1) | 101.5 (15.4) |
| Smoking Status (%) | ||||||||
| Former | 965 (35.7) | 283 (34.7) | 343 (35.3) | 339 (36.9) | 289 (35.9) | 280 (34.7) | 295 (36.5) | 101 (35.4) |
| Current | 312 (11.5) | 121 (14.9) | 105 (10.8) | 86 (9.4) | 103 (12.8) | 100 (12.4) | 84 (10.4) | 25 (8.8) |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.3) |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.6 (0.4) | 9.6 (0.4) | 9.6 (0.4) | 9.7 (0.4) | 9.6 (0.4) | 9.7 (0.4) | 9.6 (0.4) | 9.6 (0.4) |
| Phosphorous (mg/dL) | 3.7 (0.5) | 3.7 (0.5) | 3.6 (0.5) | 3.7 (0.5) | 3.8 (0.5) | 3.7 (0.5) | 3.6 (0.5) | 3.5 (0.5) |
| CRP (mg/L) | 3.3 (4.9) | 3.8 (4.8) | 3.1 (4.9) | 3.1 (5.0) | 2.7 (4.0) | 3.3 (5.0) | 3.6 (4.7) | 4.3 (6.9) |
| 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 26.3 (11.5) | 14.3 (3.8) | 25.0 (2.9) | 38.4 (9.7) | 30.2 (11.1) | 27.5 (11.8) | 23.6 (10.6) | 19.8 (9.4) |
| Parathyroid hormone (pg/mL) | 43.5 (18.8) | 51.4 (22.7) | 42.7 (16.7) | 37.2 (14.0) | 26.1 (4.8) | 38.0 (3.3) | 52.6 (5.9) | 82.2 (22.2) |
| Carotid wall thickness (cm) | 0.148 (0.031) | 0.150 (0.032) | 0.148 (0.031) | 0.147 (0.030) | 0.142 (0.029) | 0.147 (0.030) | 0.153 (0.033) | 0.153 (0.032) |
| PSI Diameter (cm) | 0.628 (0.075) | 0.630 (0.075) | 0.631 (0.074) | 0.623 (0.075) | 0.620 (0.072) | 0.628 (0.074) | 0.633 (0.074) | 0.636 (0.081) |
| EDI Diameter (cm) | 0.582 (0.071) | 0.584 (0.071) | 0.584 (0.070) | 0.576 (0.071) | 0.573 (0.068) | 0.582 (0.070) | 0.586 (0.071) | 0.591 (0.076) |
| YEM (mmHg) | 1591 (938) | 1652 (1011) | 1599 (904) | 1528 (902) | 1493 (799) | 1574 (915) | 1626 (1044) | 1815 (1006) |
| DC (10−3 mmHg−1) | 3.1 (1.3) | 3.0 (1.2) | 3.1 (1.3) | 3.2 (1.2) | 3.3 (1.3) | 3.2 (1.3) | 3.0 (1.2) | 2.7 (1.1) |
NA = not applicable, SBP = Systolic blood pressure, DBP = Diastolic blood pressure, HTN = hypertension, meds = medication, IFG = Impaired fasting glucose, LDL-C = low density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C = high density lipoprotein cholesterol, BMI = Body mass index, CRP= C-reactive Protein, 25(OH)D = serum 25-hyroxyvitamin D, YEM = Young’s elastic modulus, DC = Distensibility coefficient
All values are mean (standard deviation) unless noted otherwise.