Table 2.

Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Associations of Serum 25(OH)D Concentrations and Distensibility Coefficient or Young’s Elastic Modulus

	Cross-sectional analyses					Longitudinal analyses*
	Baseline Distensibility Coefficient (mmHg−1 ×10−4) (95% Confidence Interval)					Change in Distensibility Coefficient (mmHg−1 ×10−4)** (95% Confidence Interval)
25(OH)D (ng/ml)	n	Beta Parameter				N	Beta Parameter
		Model 1a	Model 2a	Model 3b	Model 4b		Model 1c	Model 2c	Model 3d	Model 4d
≥30.0	918	ref.	ref.	ref.	ref.	872	ref.	ref.	ref.	ref.
20.0–29.9	973	−0.5 (−1.5, 0.6)	0.1 (−1.0, 1.1)	0.2 (−0.8, 1.3)	0.3 (−0.7, 1.3)	935	−0.1 (−1.0, 0.8)	0.1 (−0.8, 1.0)	0.2 (−0.7, 1.1)	0.2 (−0.7, 1.1)
<20	816	−1.6‡ (−2.8, −0.4)	−0.7 (−1.9, 0.5)	−0.6 (−1.8, 0.6)	−0.3 (−1.5, 0.8)	773	0.3 (−0.7, 1.3)	0.5 (−0.5, 1.6)	0.6 (−0.5, 1.6)	0.6 (−0.4, 1.6)
P value†	-	0.01	0.33	0.46	0.69	-	0.66	0.35	0.30	0.28
	Baseline Young’s Elastic Modulus (mmHg) (95% Confidence Interval)					Change in Young’s Elastic Modulus (mmHg)** (95% Confidence Interval)
25(OH)D (ng/ml)	n	Beta Parameter				N	Beta Parameter
		Model 1a	Model 2a	Model 3b	Model 4b		Model 1c	Model 2c	Model 3d	Model 4d
≥30.0	918	ref.	ref.	ref.	ref.	872	ref.	ref.	ref.	ref.
20.0–29.9	973	50.2 (−34.1, 134.6)	24.0 (−60.7, 108.7)	13.1 (−72.0, 98.2)	12.3 (−71.8, 96.3)	935	−75.6 (−188.3, 37.2)	−92.7 (−206.4, 21.1)	−91.0 (−205.4, 23.4)	−91.2 (−205.5, 23.2)
<20	816	107.2+ (11.0, 203.3)	59.5 (−38.5, 157.5)	53.5 (−45.1, 152.2)	42.2 (−55.1, 139.6)	773	−87.5 (−216.1, 41.2)	−109.5 (−241.1, 22.1)	−100.3 (−232.6, 32.1)	−102.2 (−234.6, 30.1)
P-trend	-	0.03	0.24	0.32	0.42	-	0.15	0.08	0.11	0.10

^‡p<0.01;

⁺p<0.05;

^*Longitudinal analyses shown with adjustment for baseline stiffness measures;

^**Between the two carotid ultrasounds (9.4y)

Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, race, study field center, education, and income.

Model 2: Model 1 plus physical activity, waist circumference, smoking status, and BMI.

Model 3: Model 2 plus diabetes mellitus status, antihypertensive medication use, log[CRP], total cholesterol, HDL-C, lipid lowering therapy, and creatinine.

Model 4: Model 3 plus SBP.

Abbreviations as in previous Table

^a67 participants missing data on covariates;

^b83 participants missing data on covariates;

^c62 participants missing data on covariates;

^d77 participants missing data on covariates