Table 1. Infection rates and average parasite loads (of positive specimens) in the gastropod species screened in this study.
Family | Species | Habit | No. tested | No. (%) positive | No. sites positive (total) | Average CT 1∶5 dilution value (range) | Average no. of parasites per 5 mg of snail tissue | Average no. of parasites in entire specimen (range) |
Achatinellidae | Auriculella spp. | A | 31 | 0 | 0 (8) | - | - | - |
Elasmias spp. | B | 18 | 0 | 0 (9) | - | - | - | |
Lamellidea spp. | B | 25 | 0 | 0 (13) | - | - | - | |
Tornatellides spp. | B | 90 | 1 (1) | 1 (30) | − (24.66) | - | − (2,379) | |
Achatinidae | Achatina fulica* | G | 62 | 7 (11) | 4 (21) | 25.66 (20.16–31.26) | 237 | 213,515 (14,379–870,868) |
Agriolimacidae | Deroceras laeve* | G | 79 | 0 | 0 (27) | - | - | - |
Deroceras reticulatum* | G | 61 | 2 (3) | 1 (23) | 25.24 (23.54–26.94) | 1,564 | 9,789 (3,500–16,078) | |
Ampullariidae | Pomacea canaliculata* | F | 56 | 1 (2) | 1 (15) | − (23.78) | - | − (68,133) |
Arionidae | Arion intermedius | G | 20 | 0 | 0 (8) | - | - | - |
Arion subfuscus | G | 8 | 0 | 0 (4) | - | - | - | |
Ariophantidae | Parmarion martensi* | G | 19 | 13 (68) | 5 (8) | 24.23 (17.28–29.43) | 912 | 55,852 (850–341,828) |
Assimineidae | Cyclotropis sp. | G | 13 | 1 (8) | 1 (3) | − (28.60) | - | − (154) |
Bradybaenidae | Bradybaena similaris* | G | 65 | 0 | 0 (16) | - | - | - |
Euconulidae | Liardetia doliolum | G | 8 | 0 | 0 (5) | - | - | - |
Gastrodontidae | Zonitoides arboreus | G | 18 | 0 | 0 (5) | - | - | - |
Helicarionidae | Kaala subrutila | G | 2 | 0 | 0 (1) | - | - | - |
Ovachlamys fulgens* | G | 10 | 1 (10) | 1 (4) | − (22.42) | - | − (11,118) | |
Philonesia sp. | A | 31 | 1 (3) | 1 (11) | − (24.57) | - | − (4,823) | |
Helicidae | Cornu aspersum | G | 25 | 0 | 0 (8) | - | - | - |
Limacidae | Lehmannia valentiana* | G | 11 | 1 (9) | 1 (6) | − (22.19) | - | − (24,819) |
Limax flavus* | G | 8 | 0 | 0 (4) | - | - | - | |
Limax maximus* | G | 11 | 3 (27) | 2 (4) | 22.22 (20.36–24.35) | 1,960 | 398,160 (170,067–566,582) | |
Lymnaeidae | Fossaria viridis | F | 18 | 0 | 0 (4) | - | - | - |
Milacidae | Milax gagates | G | 22 | 0 | 0 (7) | - | - | - |
Orthalicidae | Bulimulus guadalupensis | G | 10 | 0 | 0 (2) | - | - | - |
Oxychilidae | Oxychilus alliarius | G | 69 | 10 (14) | 6 (17) | 25.69 (20.22–34.41) | 1,922 | 13,382 (63–55,807) |
Planorbidae | Planorbella duryi | F | 20 | 0 | 0 (6) | - | - | - |
Physidae | Physa spp. | F | 27 | 0 | 0 (6) | - | - | - |
Spiraxidae | Euglandina rosea* | G | 39 | 8 (21) | 5 (16) | 27.66 (24.37–33.13) | 166 | 43,687 (1,244–113,645) |
Streptaxidae | Gonaxis kibweziensis | G | 11 | 0 | 0 (5) | - | - | - |
Subulinidae | Paropeas achatinaceum* | G | 73 | 3 (4) | 2 (18) | 27.16 (25.77–29.36) | 1,518 | 11,421 (1,724–21,087) |
Subulina octona* | G | 54 | 2 (4) | 1 (13) | 24.60 (23.21–25.99) | 3,548 | 39,114 (15,835–62,392) | |
Succineidae | Succinea caduca | G | 12 | 0 | 0 (4) | - | - | - |
Succinea tenella | G | 25 | 0 | 0 (6) | - | - | - | |
Thiaridae | Melanoides tuberculata* | F | 17 | 0 | 0 (5) | - | - | - |
Veronicellidae | Laevicaulis alte* | G | 44 | 13 (30) | 11 (21) | 24.99 (17.32–31.42) | 1,592 | 342,971 (4,127–2,801,566) |
Veronicella cubensis* | G | 159 | 4 (3) | 3 (45) | 23.40 (21.35–24.93) | 531 | 116,891 (28,931–253,909) | |
Total | 1271 | 71 (6) | 40 (182) |
Previously recorded as a host in the Hawaiian Islands and/or elsewhere.
Native Hawaiian gastropod species. Habits are ground-dwelling (G), arboreal (A), both ground-dwelling and arboreal (B) and freshwater (F).