Table 1. The overall group, name and proposed Modes of Action (MoA) of the antifouling compounds.
Group | Name | IUPAC name | Mode of Action |
Photosystem IIinhibitors | Atrazin | 6-chloro-N 2-ethyl-N 4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine | Inhibits the electron transport inphotosystem II |
Irgarol1051 | 2-tert-butylamino)-4-(cyclopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine | Inhibits the electron transport inphotosystem II | |
Seanine211 | 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one | Inhibits the electron transport inphotosystem II | |
Diuron | 3-(3,4.dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea | Inhibits the electron transport inphotosystem II | |
Metals andorganometals | Cd | Cadmium ion | General toxicant, interacts with enzymesa |
Cu | Copper ion | General toxicant, interacts withenzymesa | |
CuPT | Copper 2-pyridinethiol-1-oxide | General toxicant, interacts withenzymesa | |
Zn | Zink ion | General toxicant, interacts withenzymesa | |
ZnPT | Zinc 2-pyridinethiol-oxide | General toxicant, interacts withenzymesa | |
Ziram | Zinc bis(N,N’-dimethyl)-dithiocarbamate | Dimethyldithiocarbamate fungicide with Zn. Inhibitor of enzymes containing copper ions or sulfhydryl groups, including P450monooxygenases of the CYP 2A6 groupb | |
TBT | tri-butyl-tin-chloride | PSII inhibitor (with tin), endocrine disruptorc | |
Fungicides | Chlorothalonil | Tetrachloroisophthalonitrile | Conjugation with, and depletion of, thiols (particularly glutathione) fromgerminating fungal cells, leading todisruption of glycolysis andenergy production, fungistasis andfungicidal action. |
Dichlofluanid | N-dichlorofluoromethylthio-N’,N’-dimethyl-N-phenylsulfamide | Multi-site mode of action, non-specific thiol reactant, inhibiting respiration. | |
IPBC | 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate | AChE inhibitor and fungicide and bactericided | |
PTPB | Pyridine triphenylboron | Fungicided | |
TCMTB | 2-thio cyano methyl thio benzothiazole | Fungicide, Inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transportc | |
Tolylfluanid | N-dichlorofluoromethylthio-N’,N’-dimethyl-N-p-tolylsulfamide | Multi-site mode of action, non-specific thiol reactant, inhibiting respiration. |
Altenburger, 2011 [88].
Walker, 2009 [49].
Fernandez-Alba et al, 2002 [89].
Zhou et al, 2006 [40].
Particularly for the fungicides, which have multiple and often undefined modes of action, different target sites are given in different references. For herbicides and fungicides used as pesticides we use the definition of Tomlin 2002 [29]. For the remaining compounds, the source of the MoA are given as footnotes.