Table 1. Descriptive statistics for the total sample and separately for dippers and non-dippers.
| Total (N=2848) |
Dippers (N=1843) |
Non-dippers (N=1005) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 50.62 (15.37) | 50.20 (14.55) | 51.39 (16.74)* |
| Time interval, y | 7.34 (0.87) | 7.33 (0.86) | 7.37 (0.89) |
| Sex, female, n (%) | 1718 (60%) | 1127 (61%) | 591 (59%) |
| Education –None | 76 (3%) | 41 (2%) | 35 (4%)* |
| –Elementary | 518 (18%) | 313 (17%) | 205 (20%) |
| –Junior high | 1252 (44%) | 829 (45%) | 423 (42%) |
| –High school | 754 (27%) | 497 (27%) | 257 (26%) |
| –University | 248 (9%) | 163 (9%) | 85 (8%) |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 475 (17%) | 300 (16%) | 175 (17%) |
| Former smoker, n (%) | 713 (25%) | 454 (25%) | 259 (26%) |
| BMI | 25.97 (4.62) | 25.84 (4.53) | 26.19 (4.78)* |
| Obese, n (%) | 511 (18%) | 308 (17%) | 203 (20%)* |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 117 (4%) | 54 (3%) | 63 (6%)* |
| Anti-hypertensive drugs | 560 (20%) | 315 (17%) | 245 (24%)* |
| MAP, day, mm Hg | 92.49 (8.72) | 93.52 (8.41) | 90.59 (8.95)* |
| MAP, night, mm Hg | 81.03 (8.74) | 78.47 (7.50) | 85.72 (8.90)* |
| MAP Dipping, % | 12.25% | 16.03% | 5.34%* |
| Systolic , day, mm Hg | 122.09 (11.73) | 122.86 (11.50) | 120.69 (12.03)* |
| Systolic, night, mm Hg | 110.63 (11.93) | 107.43 (10.36) | 116.50 (12.39)* |
| Systolic Dipping, % | 9.28% | 12.47% | 3.44%* |
| Diastolic , day, mm Hg | 76.83 (8.12) | 78.00 (7.76) | 74.67 (8.34)* |
| Diastolic, night, mm Hg | 65.48 (7.90) | 63.45 (6.97) | 69.21 (8.16)* |
| Diastolic Dipping, % | 14.60% | 18.59% | 7.26%* |
| Neuroticism | 5.54 (0.90) | 5.53 (0.90) | 5.56 (0.90) |
| Extraversion | 4.84 (0.88) | 4.86 (0.88) | 4.81 (0.88) |
| Openness | 4.63 (0.98) | 4.64 (0.96) | 4.62 (1.02) |
| Agreeableness | 4.71 (0.94) | 4.74 (0.93) | 4.66 (0.95)* |
| Conscientiousness | 4.94 (0.94) | 4.97 (0.92) | 4.87 (0.98)* |
Notes: The values are mean and (SD) if not specified as number of participants and percentages. Except for personality traits, all variables were assessed at the time of ambulatory blood pressure measurement. MAP = Mean arterial pressure. Univariate differences in sample characteristics were tested using chi-square or ANOVA, as appropriate.
*
p < .05.