Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2003–2004, Age ≥ 20 years of age (n = 5041).
| Characteristic | Valuea |
|---|---|
| Male (%) | 2418 (47.97) |
| Age (y), mean | 50.85 (± 9.70) |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 2689 (53.34) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 994 (19.72) |
| Mexican American | 985 (19.54) |
| Other race/ethnicity | 373 (7.40) |
| PIRb, mean | 2.57 (± 1.59) |
| BMI (kg/m2) (%) | |
| <18.5 | 170 (1.39) |
| 18.5–24.9 | 1408 (27.93) |
| 25.0–29.9 | 1631 (32.35) |
| 30.0–39.9 | 1299 (25.77) |
| ≥40.0 | 239 (4.74) |
| Total carotenoids (umol/L), mean | 1.83 (± 0.87) |
| Use dietary supplements (%) | 2658 (52.80) |
| Current cigarette smoker (%) | 1131 (22.48) |
| Serum cotinine (%) | |
| ≥0.015 ng/mL | 3632 (81.14) |
| <0.015 ng/mL | 844 (18.86) |
| Physical activity (%) | |
| Sedentary | 1379 (47.97) |
| Low activity | 498 (17.32) |
| Moderate to vigorously active | 995 (34.61) |
| Alcohol consumption (%) | |
| Non-drinker | 980 (19.44) |
| Non-excessive drinker | 1664 (33.01) |
| Excessive drinker | 1032 (20.47) |
a
Values shown are mean ± SD or n (%).
b
Abbreviations: PIR: poverty income ratio, BMI: body mass index