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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Apr 30.
Published in final edited form as: Psychiatry Res. 2014 Feb 13;222(0):17–28. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.02.002

Table 4. Comparison of response inhibition functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in adult ADHD samples.

Sample sizes
(Mean (SD) Age)		 Sample composition Response
Inhibition Task
(contrast)		 Between-group
analyses		 Results
Carmona et al. (2012)
  • -

    19 adult ADHD (33.58 (10.30))

  • -

    19 controls (29.36 (7.84))
  • -

    All male

  • -

    All ADHD Combined subtype

  • -

    All medication naïve

 Event-related
Go/NoGo (NoGo vs.
Go trials)
  • -

    ROI-based analyses of the IFG

  • -

    Exploratory whole-brain analyses
  • -

    ROI: No difference in IFG activation

  • -

    Whole-brain: No differences in activation
Cubillo et al. (2010)
  • -

    11 adult ADHD (29.00 (1.00))

  • -

    14 controls (28.00 (2.00))
  • -

    All male

  • -

    Mix of ADHD subtypes

  • -

    All medication naïve

 Tracking Stop-signal
task (successful Stop
vs. Go trials)		 Whole-brain
analyses		 Less activation in bilateral
inferior prefrontal cortex,
caudate, and thalamus in ADHD
vs. controls
Dibbets et al. (2009)
  • -

    16 adult ADHD (28.90 (6.44))

  • -

    13 controls (28.60 (6.45))
  • -

    All male

  • -

    14/16 ADHD subjects taking psychostimulants

 Modified event-
related Go/NoGo
task (correct NoGo
vs. Go trials)		 Whole-brain
analyses		 No differences in activation
between for correct NoGo/Go
Dillo et al. (2010)
  • -

    14 adult ADHD (28.10 (NR))

  • -

    15 controls (28.80 (NR))
  • -

    Males and females

  • -

    Mix of medication history; washout 3 weeks prior to scanning

 Block Go/NoGo task
(NoGo vs. Go
blocks)		 Whole-brain
and ROI-based
analysis
  • -

    ADHD group showed additional activation in bilateral superior and inferior parietal lobe and occipital regions vs. controls

  • -

    More ADHD subjects than controls showed activation in ACC and parietal ROIs
Epstein et al. (2007)
  • -

    9 adult ADHD (48.60 (9.00))

  • -

    9 controls (46.80 (3.90))
  • -

    Males and females

  • -

    Mix of subtypes

  • -

    Mix of medication history; washout period prior to scanning

 Event-related
Go/NoGo task
(NoGo vs. Go trials)		 ROI-based
analyses of
striatum, frontal
gyri, ACC,
posterior
parietal gyrus,
and cerebellum
  • -

    Less activation in bilateral IFG and left caudate in ADHD subjects vs. controls

  • -

    Greater activation in left inferior parietal lobe and ACC in ADHD vs. controls
Karch et al. (2010)
  • -

    8 adult ADHD (38.30 (7.82))

  • -

    8 controls (37.80 (6.6.1))
  • -

    Males and females

  • -

    All medication free

 Modified event-
related Go/NoGo
task ([Voluntary
inhibition vs.
Voluntary selection]
– [NoGo vs. Go]
trials)		 Fixed-effects
group analyses		 Less activation in medial and
lateral PFC in ADHD subjects
vs. controls
Kooistra et al. (2010)
  • -

    10 adult ADHD (21.50 (NR))

  • -

    10 controls (22.30 (NR))
  • -

    All male

  • -

    2 ADHD subjects in partial remission

  • -

    Mix of medication history; all medication free

 Modified event-
related Go/NoGo
task (Fast event
NoGo vs. Go trials;
Slow even NoGo vs.
Go trials)		 Whole-brain
analyses
  • -

    Fast event NoGo vs. Go: Greater activation in supramarginal and ACC in ADHD subjects vs. controls

  • -

    Slow event NoGo vs. Go: Greater activation in medial and lateral PFC, ACC, posterior cingulate, caudate, putamen, and thalamus in ADHD subjects vs. controls
Mulligan et al. (2011)
  • -

    12 adult ADHD (31.60 (2.50))

  • -

    12 controls (29.90 (1.40))
  • -

    All male

  • -

    Mix of medication history; washout 48 hours prior to scanning

 Event-related
Go/NoGo task
(NoGo vs. baseline
trials)		 Whole-brain
and ROI-based
analysis
  • -

    Similar regions active in each group contrast

  • -

    In follow-up ROI analyses, less activation in right frontal eye field, right pre-SMA, right and left inferior parietal lobe, and left precentral gyrus in ADHD subjects vs. controls
Schneider et al. (2010)
  • -

    19 adult ADHD (32.60 (9.40))

  • -

    17 controls (29.40 (8.60))
  • -

    Males and females

  • -

    8 ADHD subjects in partial remission

  • -

    All medication naive

 Event-related
Go/NoGo task
(NoGo vs. NR)		 Whole-brain
analysis
  • -

    Less activation in bilateral SFG, right middle and superior temporal gyri, right supramarginal gyrus, left superior parietal lobe, and right caudate in ADHD subjects vs. controls

  • -

    Greater activation in bilateral fusiform and lingual gyri in ADHD subjects vs. controls
Sebastian et al. (2012)
  • -

    20 adult ADHD (33.30 (8.90))

  • -

    24 controls (30.30 (8.10))
  • -

    Males and females

  • -

    All medication naive
  • -

    Event-related Go/NoGo task (NoGo vs. Go trials)

  • -

    Tracking Stop-signal task (successful Stop vs. Go trials)

 Whole-brain
analyses
  • -

    NoGo vs. Go trials: Less activation in the right caudate in ADHD subjects vs. controls

  • -

    Successful Stop vs. Go trials: Less activation in the right pallidum and (at reduced threshold) left IFG in ADHD subjects vs. controls

ROI = region of interest; NR = not reported; IFG = inferior frontal gyrus; ACC = anterior cingulate cortex; PFC = prefrontal cortex; SMA = supplementary motor area; SFG = superior frontal gyrus.