Table 4. Association of the type of crash with respect to a number of environments and road related factors by multinomial logistic regression.
| Injury vs. Non-injured vehicular crash | Death in scene vs. Non-injured vehicular crash | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% C.I.)** | P value | OR (95% C.I.)** | P value | ||
| Day | 1 | - | 1 | - | |
| Scene light | Night | 1.22 (1.20-1.24) | <0.001 | 1.70 (1.58-1.83) | <0.001 |
| Sun rise | 1.34 (1.18-1.52) | <0.001 | 11.20 (8.72-14.38) | <0.001 | |
| Sun set | 1.47 (1.38-1.55) | <0.001 | 2.90 (2.32-3.62) | <0.001 | |
| Clear | 1 | - | 1 | - | |
| Foggy | 0.79 (0.69-0.90) | 0.001 | 1.92 (1.22-30.3) | <0.001 | |
| Snowy | 0.37 (0.31-0.43) | <0.001 | 1.25 (0.76-2.04) | <0.001 | |
| Weather | Rainy | 0.53 (0.51-0.55) | <0.001 | 0.95 (0.80-1.12) | 0.265 |
| Storm | 1.11 (0.76-1.63) | 0.583 | 2.22 (0.55-8.98) | 0.509 | |
| Cloudy | 0.81 (0.78-0.84) | <0.001 | 1.3 (1.13-1.49) | 0.382 | |
| Dust | 1.45 (1.07-1.96) | 0.015 | 9.27 (5.02-17.13) | 0.005 | |
| Motorway | 1 | - | 1 | - | |
| Road shoulder | 1.22 (1.14-1.32) | <0.001 | 5.05 (4.23-6.04) | <0.001 | |
| Place of crash | The middle lane | 0.78 (0.70-0.87) | <0.001 | 2.39 (1.73-3.28) | <0.001 |
| Roadside | 1.9 5 (1.83-2.07) | <0.001 | 8.7 (7.58-9.97) | <0.001 | |
| Outside of road limit | 1.17 (1.02-1.34) | 0.022 | 5.57 (4.10-7.56) | <0.001 | |
| No defect | 1 | - | 1 | - | |
| Damaged or defective traffic signs | 1.25 (1.22-1.29) | <0.001 | 0.71 (0.61-0.83) | <0.001 | |
| Road narrowing | 1.57 (1.53-1.62) | <0.001 | 2.47 (2.22-2.75) | <0.001 | |
| Bumps | 0.92 (0.82-1.04) | 0.192 | 0.59 (0.31-1.15) | 0.120 | |
| Unstable shoulders or nonexistent shoulders | 1.82 (1.58-2.10) | <0.001 | 7.83 (5.87-10.43) | <0.001 | |
| Lack of standard road guard | 2.38 (2.13-2.66) | <0.001 | 8.45 (6.64-10.75) | <0.001 | |
| Roadway defect | Partial road collapse | 1.50 (1.10-2.05) | 0.011 | 3.89 (1.72-8.82) | 0.001 |
| Defective pavements | 1.21 (0.95-1.54) | 0.117 | 3.61 (1.97-6.60) | <0.001 | |
| Acute angle | 1.51 (1.27-1.78) | <0.001 | 6.51 (4.58-9.25) | <0.001 | |
| Non-standard grading | 1.24 (0.97-1.59) | 0.080 | 3.44 (1.83-6.48) | <0.001 | |
| Defective lighting | 2.23 (1.95-2.56) | <0.001 | 10.02 (7.69-13.05) | <0.001 | |
| Slippery road | 0.86 (0.73-1.02) | 0.087 | 2.31 (1.46-3.65) | <0.001 | |
| Straight and flat | 1 | - | 1 | - | |
| Roadway geometrics | Straight and Uphill/downhill road | 0.73 (0.69-0.76) | <0.001 | 1.54 (1.31-1.82) | <0.001 |
| Winding Road and flat | 1.07 (1.03-1.11) | 0.001 | 2.22 (1.95-2.53) | <0.001 | |
| Winding Road and Uphill/downhill | 0.85 (0.79-0.92) | <0.001 | 4.11 (3.48-4.86) | <0.001 | |
| Dry | 1 | - | 1 | - | |
| Wet | 0.91 (0.79-1.05) | 0.196 | 0.52 (0.45-0.60) | <0.001 | |
| Roadway surface | Freezing and snow | 0.79 (0.44-1.39) | 0.405 | 0.3 (0.17-0.54) | <0.001 |
| Sandy | 0.57 (0.33-0.96) | 0.035 | 0.29 (0.17-0.51) | <0.001 | |
| Muddy or Oily | 0.37 (0.09-1.52) | 0.169 | 0.31 (0.07-1.32) | 0.112 | |
**OR: odds ratio; 95% C.I.: 95% confidence interval for odds ratio.