Table 3.
Voxel-Based Morphometric Differences Between Adults With ADHD and Controls in our Selected ROIs.
| ROI–BA | Clusters of three voxels or larger at statistical threshold for control participant > ADHD (a) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Volume reduction in ADHD | MNI coordinates (x,y,z) | Uncorrected p = .01 | Corrected p = .05 |
| ACC–Left hemisphere | |||
| pmACC/BA24 | −14,−18,42 | 32 | |
| DLPFC–Left hemisphere | |||
| F3/BA46 | −56,30,−6 | 34 | |
| IPL/TOP–Left hemisphere | |||
| PO/BA40/S-II | −66,−24,30 | 52 | |
| SGa/BA40 | −66,−24,30 | (52) | |
| SGp/BA40 | −56,−50,4 | 23 | |
| PO/BA40/S-II | −54,−34,26 | 16 | |
| SGa/BA40 | −54,−34,26 | (16) | |
| Cerebellum–Left | |||
| VIIA_crusI-m | −56,−66,−34 | 51 | |
| VIIA_crusII-m | −42,−78,−42 | 25 | |
| VIIA_crusI-m | −42,−78,−42 | (25) | |
| VIIA_crusI-m | −40,−74,−14 | 295 | |
| IX-m | −26,−70,−62 | 1,399 | |
| VIIA_crusII-m | −26,−70,−62 | (1,399) | |
| VIIB-m | −26,−70,−62 | (1,399) | 139 |
| VIIIA-m | −26,−70,−62 | (1,399) | (139) |
| VIIIB-m | −26,−70,−62 | (1,399) | (139) |
| X-h | −26,−70,−62 | (1,399) | |
| IV-m | −18,−32,−36 | 29 | |
| IV-m | −14,−32,−22 | 19 | |
| VIIA_crusII-m | −4,−86,−24 | 16 | |
| VIIA_crusI-m | −4,−86,−24 | (16) | |
| VI-v | −2,−74,−14 | 825 | 19 |
| V-m | −2,−74,−14 | (825) | |
| Cerebellum–Right | |||
| VI-m | −2,−74,−14 | 825 | |
| VI-v | −2,−74,−14 | (825) | |
| X-h | 12,−36,−46 | 59 | |
| III-m | 14,−30,−22 | 62 | |
| IV-m | 14,−30,−22 | (62) | |
| IV-m | 20,−46,−6 | 62 | |
| IX-m | 30,−72,−62 | 1,692 | |
| VIIA_crusII-m | 30,−72,−62 | (1,692) | 618 |
| VIIB-m | 30,−72,−62 | (1,692) | (618) |
| VIIIA-m | 30,−72,−62 | (1,692) | (618) |
| VIIIB-m | 30,−72,−62 | (1,692) | |
| VIIB-m | 46,−52,−56 | 16 | |
| VIIIA-m | 46,−52,−56 | (16) | |
| VIIA_crusII-m | 50,−66,−46 | 32 | |
| VIIA_crusI-m | 50,−66,−46 | (32) | |
| VIIA_crusI-m | (56,−64,−34) | 66 | |
| Caudate nucleus–Left hemisphere | |||
| Caudate nucleus | −6,18,12 | 95 | |
| OFC–Left Hemisphere | |||
| OFC/BA47/12/VL | −56,30,−6 | 34 | |
| ROI–BA | Clusters of three voxels or larger at statistical threshold for ADHD > control participant (b) | ||
| Volume increase in ADHD | MNI coordinates (x,y,z) | Uncorrected p = .01 | Corrected p = .05 |
| DLPFC–Left hemisphere | |||
| F2/BA8 | −46,16,44 | 11 | |
| F2/BA9 | −46,16,44 | (11) | |
| F3/BA46 | −40,30,0 | 11 | |
| F2/BA9 | −38,20,24 | 33 | |
| F1/BA9/Med | 0,58,12 | 13 | |
| FP/BA9/Med | 0,58,12 | (13) | |
| DLPFC–Right hemisphere | |||
| F1/BA9/Med | 0,58,12 | 13 | |
| F1/BA8/Lat | 6,22,64 | 17 | |
| FP/BA9/Lat | 18,68,18 | 35 | |
| F1/BA8/Lat | 24,18,66 | 17 | |
| F2/BA9 | 48,14,44 | 88 | |
| F2/BA9 | 56,6,36 | 385 | |
| OFC–Left hemisphere | |||
| OFC (aFOG/pFOG)/BA11 | −18,32,−14 | 39 | |
| OFC–Right hemisphere | |||
| OFC (aFOG/pFOG)/BA11 | 12,30,−16 | 67 | |
| OFC (aFOG/pFOG)/BA11 | 30,32,−10 | 112 | |
| OFC/BA47/12/VL | 30,32,−10 | (112) | |
| IPL/TOP–Right hemisphere | |||
| AG/BA39 | 36,−58,42 | 10 | |
| Cerebellum–Right | |||
| VIIA_crusI-m | 30,−66,−28 | 190 | |
| VI-m | 30,−66,−28 | (190) | |
Note. FSL-voxel-based morphometry results comparing differences in gray-matter volume thresholded to a probability of p = .01 (uncorrected) and .05 (corrected). Local maxima are reported, including cluster size and anatomical region. Locations for statistical findings are reported in the standard Montreal Neurological Institute coordinate space (x, y, z). Some clusters border on more than one region—those clusters are reported more than once with cluster size in parentheses. ROIs are defined by the Center for Morphometric Analysis as in Caviness, Meyer, Makris, and Kennedy (1996) for the cortex and Makris et al. (2005) for the cerebellum. Cortex: ACC = anterior cingulate cortex; amACC = anterior middle cingulate cortex; pmACC = posterior middle cingulate cortex; DLPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; F1 = superior frontal gyrus; F2 = middle frontal gyrus; F3 = inferior frontal gyrus; FP = frontal pole; IPL/TOP = inferior parietal lobule/temporo-occipito-parietal region; AG = angular gyrus; PO = parietal operculum; SGa = supramarginal gyrus anterior; SGp = supramarginal gyrus posterior; S-II = somatosensory II; OFC = orbitofrontal cortex; aFOG = anterior fronto orbital gyrus; pFOG = posterior fronto orbital gyrus; VL = ventrolateral. Cerebellum: III-m = centralis; IV-m = culmen superior; V-m = culmen inferior; VI-m = simplex; VI-v = declive; VIIA_crusI-m = superior semilunar lobule; VIIA_crusII-m = inferior semilunar lobule; VIIB-m = paramedian/gracilis; VIIIA-m = biventer (pars copularis); VIIIB-m = biventer (pars paraflocculus dorsalis); IX-m = tonsil; X-m = flocculus; X-h = flocculus. Misc: BA = Brodmann’s area; CMA = Center for Morphometric Analysis; Lat = lateral; Med = medial; MNI = Montreal Neurological Institute; ROI = region of interest.
All results are in the direction of smaller volumes in the ADHD group than in control participants.
All results are in the direction of larger volumes in the ADHD group than in control participants.