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. 2014 Apr 28;5:61. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00061

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Copyright © 2014 Rukhadze, Kalter, Stettner and Kubin.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Respiratory modulation of lingual EMG was rare and occurred mainly during SWS. (A) Distribution of inspiratory-modulated segments of lingual EMG in relation to sleep–wake states in a 2 h-long recording sessions obtained on day 22 after instrumentation (rat 17 of Figure 1). Positions of the segments with respiratory modulation (RM) of lingual EMG are marked by vertical lines above the hypnogram. The RM segments occurred mainly during SWS, lasted 2.4–62.2 s, and collectively occupied 2.4% of the entire recording session. (B) Example of a record from the session illustrated in (A) during which inspiratory modulation appeared and then faded away during a period of SWS. The record is 44 s-long and shows the raw and integrated lingual and diaphragmatic (Dia) EMGs. Superposition of the integrated EMGs from both muscles (bottom trace) reveals that lingual EMG is inspiratory-modulated with a stable phase relationship relative to diaphragmatic activity during the 32 s-long period marked by the horizontal bar at the bottom.