Table 3.

Adjusted^a association between PM_2.5 exposure over the entire pregnancy and birth outcomes, by exposure data source and by type of birth outcomes. Effect estimates (95%CI) are reported as per inter-quartile range (2.41 μg/m³) increase in PM_2.5.

Modelb			No.
Data source	Observations	OR of term LBW
Monitor	All	1.01 (0.98 to 1.04)	619,675
	Joint	1.01 (0.98 to 1.04)	609,813
Satellite (1)	All	1.07 (0.99 to 1.17)	628,131
	Joint	1.06 (0.97 to 1.16)	609,813
Satellite (2)	All	1.09 (1.02 to 1.17)	628,131
	Joint	1.08 (1.01 to 1.16)	609,813
OR of SGA
Monitor	All	1.03 (1.01 to 1.04)	654,193
	Joint	1.03 (1.01 to 1.04)	643,839
Satellite (1)	All	1.07 (1.03 to 1.11)	662,921
	Joint	1.06 (1.03 to 1.10)	643,839
Satellite (2)	All	1.08 (1.05 to 1.11)	662,921
	Joint	1.08 (1.04 to 1.11)	643,839
Change in birth weight (g)
Monitor	All	−6.2 (−7.9 to −4.6)	619,675
	Joint	−6.2 (−7.9 to −4.6)	609,813
Satellite (1)	All	−14.6 (−19.4 to −9.8)	628,131
	Joint	−15.7 (−20.5 to −10.8)	609,813
Satellite (2)	All	−19.1 (−23.1 to −15.1)	628,131
	Joint	−19.0 (−23.0 to −14.9)	609,813
OR of preterm birth
Monitor	All	1.00 (0.99 to 1.02)	647,942
	Joint	1.00 (0.99 to 1.02)	637,586
Satellite (1)	All	0.98 (0.93 to 1.02)	656,769
	Joint	0.98 (0.94 to 1.03)	637,586
Satellite (2)	All	1.00 (0.96 to 1.04)	656,769
	Joint	0.99 (0.95 to 1.03)	637,586

^aAll models controlled for the following confounders mother's age, marital status, education, race/ethnicity, prenatal care, smoking, type of birth, parity, season of conception, medical risk factors, medical risk due to previous preterm birth and/or small for gestational age, baby's sex, and gestational length. Gestational length and baby's sex were not included in the models for SGA. Gestational length was not included in the models for preterm birth.

^bSee main text for explanation of models.