Effect of CBDA on the vertical migration of highly aggressive human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. (A) Morphologies of two human breast cancer cell lines; MCF-7 cells (a) and MDA-MB-231 cells (b). MCF-7 cells display epithelial morphology (collective) and MDA-MB-231 cells display single elongated morphology (mesenchymal). (B) MDA-MB-231 cells were exposed for 12 h to CBDA (5, 10, 25 μM) and CBD (5, 10, 25 μM). After the treatments, cell viability was measured according to the methods described in Section 2. Data are expressed as the percent of vehicle-treated group (indicated as Cont.), as mean ± S.D. (n = 6). *Significantly different (p < 0.05) from the vehicle-treated control. (C) Transwell migration assays (vertical migration) were performed to determine MDA-MB-231 cell migration 12 h after treatments with 5 μM, 10 μM, or 25 μM CBDA and 5 μM CBD. Data are expressed as the percent of vehicle-treated group (indicated as Cont.), as mean ± S.D. (n = 8). *Significantly different (p < 0.05) from the vehicle-treated control. N.D., not detectable due to complete inhibition of the migration.