Fig. 4.
SE images of a laser-etched PT surface before and after electrical stimulation. A: Laser etched markings were used to find the same location on the surface before and after stimulation. B,C:Low and high magnification images of the surface before stimulation showed the presence of microscale machining marks and no appreciable nanostructures on the surface. D,E: Low and high magnification images after 2 h of electrical stimulation in the custom-made polycarbonate plates with culture media revealed no visible differences on the surface except for some electron charging, probably due to protein adsorption from the media.