Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Microbiol. 2013 Dec 12;17:46–52. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.11.005

Fig 2. Detection of vacuole rupture.

Fig 2

Three recent techniques allow the detection of vacuole rupture in real time on a single cell basis. (1) Alexa488-Dextran marks the vacuole membrane and colocalization with bacteria expressing mCherry can be detected by fluorescence microscopy. (2) GFP-tagged Galectin-3 is specifically recruited to the remnants of ruptured vacuoles. (3) Following vacuole disruption, surface-expressed β-lactamases can cleave cytosolic CCF4. Cleavage of CCF4 relieves the intramolecular FRET and causes a change in fluorescence emission.