Table 1.

Bacterial moonlighting proteins binding to host components.

Moonlighting protein	Moonlighting function	Bacterial species	Reference
Metabolic enzymes
GAPDH
	Binding to plasmin(ogen)	B. anthracis, E. coli, La. crispatus, La. plantarum, Li. monocytogens, S. aureus, St. agalactiae, St. anginosus, St. epidermis, St. equisimilis, St. oralis, St. pneumoniae, St. pyogenes, St. suis	[6,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]
	Binding to urokinase receptor on human pharyngeal cells	St. pyogenes	[25]
	Binding to lysozyme	St. pyogenes	[6]
	Binding to actin	St. pyogenes, St. agalactiae	[6,22]
	Binding to myosin	St. pyogenes	[6]
	Binding to albumin	St. suis	[26]
	Binding to fibrinogen	St. agalactiae	[22]
	Binding to fibronectin	E. coli, L. plantarum, St. pyogenes	[6,14,16,27]
	Binding to other bacterial species	Group B Streptococcus, La. crispatus	[28,29]
	Binding to intestinal epithelial cells, competitive exclusion and displacement of Clostridium sporogenes and Enterococcus faecalis	La. plantarum	[30]
	Coadhesin of Porfyromonas gingivalis in periodontal tissue	St. oralis	[31]
	Binding to intestinal epithelial cells	E. coli, La. plantarum	[14,16]
	Binding to colonic, porcine or vaginal mucin	La. plantarum, M. genitalium	[16,32,33]
	Binding to A and B blood antigens	La. plantarum	[34]
	Binding to porcine tracheal rings	St. suis	[35]
	EGF-receptor	M. avium, M. tuberculosis	[36]
	Binding to C5a complement protein	St. pyogenes	[37]
Enolase
	Binding to plasmin(ogen)	B. anthracis, Bi. animalis subspecies lactis, Bi. bifidum, Bi. breve, Bi. longum, Bo. burgdorferi, La. crispatus, La. johnsonii, La. plantarum, Li. monocytogenes, M. pneumoniae, S. aureus, St. anginosus, St. mutans, St. oralis, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes	[16,17,19,21,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48]
	Binding to fibronectin	La. plantarum	[16,49]
	Binding to laminin	La. crispatus, La. johnsonii, S. aureus	[48,50]
	Binding to collagen	La. crispatus, S. aureus	[48]
	Binding to albumin	St. pyogenes	[51]
	Binding to salivary mucin	St. gordonii, St. mutans	[42,52]
	Binding to intestinal epithelial cells	La. plantarum, St. suis	[16,53]
	Binding to C4b-binding proteins	St. pneumoniae	[54]
	Binding to other bacterial species	La. crispatus	[28]
Aldolase
	Binding to flamingo cadherin	St. pneumoniae	[55]
Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI)
	Binding to collagen	La. crispatus	[28]
	Binding to other bacterial species	La. crispatus	[28]
Phosphofructokinase
	Binding to plasmin(ogen)	St. oralis	[19]
Phosphoglycerate kinase
	Binding to plasmin(ogen)	St. anginosus, St. oralis, Group B streptococci	[19,56]
	Binding to actin	Group B streptococci	[56,57]
Phosphoglycerate mutase
	Binding to plasmin(ogen)	Bi. animalis subspecies lactis, St. anginosus, St. oralis	[19,58]
Triosephosphate isomerase
	Binding to plasmin(ogen)	St. anginosus, St. oralis	[19]
	Binding to intestinal epithelial cells, competitive exclusion and displacement of Clostridium sporogenes and Enterococcus faecalis	La. plantarum	[30]
Glutamine synthetase
	Binding to plasmin(ogen)	Bi. animalis subspecies lactis, La. crispatus, M. tuberculosis	[28,58,59]
	Binding to fibronectin	M. tuberculosis	[59]
	Binding to collagen I and laminin	La. crispatus	[28]
	Binding to other bacterial species	La. crispatus	[28]
Ribonucleotide reductase
	Binding to plasmin(ogen)	S. aureus	[44]
Inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH)
	Binding to plasmin(ogen)	S. aureus	[44]
Alcohol acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
	Binding to Caco-2 cells	Li. monocytogenes	[60]
	Binding to eukaryotic Hsp60	Li. monocytogenes	[61]
Malate synthase
	Binding to laminin and fibronectin	M. tuberculosis	[62]
SarA; oligopeptide-binding protein
	Binding to salivary mucin	St. gordonii	[52]
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
	Binding to fibronectin	La. plantarum	[47]
	Binding to plasmin(ogen)	M. pneumoniae	[46]
	Binding to fibronectin	M. pneumoniae	[63]
Puryvate kinase
	Binding to salivary mucin	St. gordonii	[52]
Bile salt hydrolase
	Binding to plasmin(ogen)	Bi. animalis subspecies lactis	[58]
Molecular chaperones
DnaK
	Binding to plasmin(ogen)	Bi. animalis subspecies lactis, M. tuberculosis, Li. monocytogenes	[21,58,59,64]
	Stimulation of dendritic cell maturation by binding CCR5	M. tuberculosis	[65]
	Competition with HIVfor CCR5 binding	M. tuberculosis	[65,66]
	Mediation of LAB adherence to yeast cells	L. lactis	[67]
GroEL
	Binding to intestinal HT-29 cells and mucus; stimulation of IL-8 secretion in human macrophages and HT-29 cells; aggregation of H. pylori cells	La. johnsonii	[68]
Translational elongational factors
EF-Tu
	Binding to plasmin(ogen)	Li. monocytogenes, Ps. aeruginosa	[21,69]
	Binding to plasma Factor H and Factor H-related protein 1 (FHR-1)	Ps. aeruginosa	[69]
	Binding to intestinal epithelial cells and HT-MTX-derived mucus	La. johnsonii	[70]
	Binding to salivary mucin	St. gordonii	[52]
	Binding to intestinal epithelial cells, competitive exclusion and displacement of Clostridium sporogenes and Enterococcus faecalis	La. plantarum	[30]
	Binding to fibronectin	M. pneumoniae	[63]
EF-G
	Binding to salivary mucin	St. gordonii	[52]
Other proteins
Ag85 complex of M. tuberculosis
	Binding of plasmi(ogen)	M. tuberculosis	[59]
	Binding to fibronectin	M. tuberculosis	[59]
DNA-directed RNA polymerase beta´subunit
	Binding to salivary mucin	St. gordonii	[52]
Endopeptidase O
	Binding of plasmin(ogen)	St. pneumoniae	[71]
	Binding to fibronectin	St. pneumoniae	[71]
	Binding and invasion to epithelial and endothelial cells	St. pneumoniae	[71]
SecA
	Binding to salivary mucin	St. gordonii	[52]
Superoxide dismutase
	Binding to epithelial cell ldolase, GAPDH and cyclophilin A	M. avidum	[72]